{"id":854,"date":"2021-06-14T21:55:45","date_gmt":"2021-06-14T21:55:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/?p=854"},"modified":"2023-03-15T11:19:10","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T11:19:10","slug":"unstable-histories-repertoires-of-memory-and-the-making-of-public-spheres-in-contemporary-greece","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/unstable-histories-repertoires-of-memory-and-the-making-of-public-spheres-in-contemporary-greece\/","title":{"rendered":"Unstable Histories: Repertoires of Memory and the Making of Public Spheres in Contemporary Greece"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Philip Hager<\/strong><a href=\"#end\" name=\"back\">*<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap abstract\">Starting from a 2019 activist intervention, whereby a group of women offered their own rendition of Monty Python\u2019s \u201csilly walks\u201d during a student parade that was part of the official celebrations commemorating Greece\u2019s entry in World War II, in this essay I seek to examine and apply pressure on embodied repertoires of national memory that are central to these celebrations. Moreover, I return to the 2019 activist performance to consider how performance might work to destabilise the grounds on which such repertoires are enacted and, therefore, stage history beyond the frames of visibility and legibility constituting the national subject.<br><strong>Keywords: <\/strong>Greece, parade, nation, silly walk, performance of history, embodied repertoires<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On 28 October 2019, the 79th anniversary of Greece\u2019s entry in World War II, a group of women activists that called themselves &nbsp;\u201c\u201810 soldiers\u2019 of the critical art of acting,\u201d re-enacted Monty Python\u2019s famous \u201csilly walks\u201d at the annual student parade in the municipality of Nea Filadelfia-Nea Halkidona in Athens.<a href=\"#end1\" name=\"back1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> This \u201cemergency intervention,\u201d as they described it (Dionellis), offers a starting point for the discussion in this essay because, as I demonstrate below, it unsettled well-established repertoires of national memory.<a href=\"#end2\" name=\"back2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> As such, this intervention invited a re-consideration of the histories that are enacted on 28 October and the ways in which they are staged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In her study of the embodied production and transfer of cultural memory, Diana Taylor starts with the proposition that performance\u2019s <em>doings<\/em> extend well beyond narrativity and, therefore, that \u201c[e]mbodied practice, along with and bound up with other cultural practices, offers a way of knowing\u201d (3). Such an understanding of performance practices (and their study) that focuses both on the fictions and the means through which they are enacted is central to the analysis that follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This essay, then, is an attempt to respond to the invitation extended by the \u201c\u201810 soldiers\u2019 of the critical art of acting\u201d and think through the annual October rehearsals of national memory and their implications: I first consider the story that is commemorated every year on 28 October, and I ask what the significance of the particular national anniversary might be and what we can learn from this story about the formation of post-war Greek political identities. Then, I interrogate the performative repertoires enacted in these commemorative events and consider what they might suggest for the bodies performing the commemoration and the community they produce. In the final section, I return to the \u201c\u201810 soldiers\u2019 of the critical art of acting\u201d and their silly walks to ponder on how, by adapting the performative repertoires of the celebrations, they enacted a different commemorative practice that destabilised the repertoires of commemoration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-dailymotion wp-block-embed-dailymotion wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Ministry Of Silly Walks - Monty Python&#039;s Flying Circus\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dailymotion.com\/embed\/video\/x2hwqki\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ministry of Silly Walks\u2014Monty Python&#8217;s <em>Flying Circus.<\/em> Accessed 19 May 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The first argument I pursue here is that through the staging of militarist repertoires, parades enact a stable and exclusionary ground. It is exclusionary in that its commemoration of the national past is (and is staged as) resolutely singular: it determines which past is to be remembered, who might perform this act of remembrance and how. Subsequently, I argue that, by destabilizing the official commemorative repertoire and its frames of visibility and legibility, the silly walk produced unstable grounds for the enactment of national memory. In doing so, it gestured towards an \u201cother\u201d constitution of the public sphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A Fiction of Origin: \u201calors, c\u2019est la guerre\u201d<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>In his 2007 article \u201cThe 1940s as Past: Memory, Testimony, Identity,\u201d historian Polymeris Voglis observes that, as in most European nation-states, Greek post-war political identities are to a great extent founded on the memories of the 1940s (451). But, contrary to most European nations, post-war Greece\u2019s fiction of origin commemorates the beginning of the war rather than its conclusion; it commemorates the scene that unfolded in the early hours of 28 October 1940, when Emanuele&nbsp;Grazzi, the Italian ambassador in Athens, presented Greek Prime Minister and dictator Ioannis Metaxas with an ultimatum from Benito Mussolini demanding that Italian forces occupy strategic locations in Greek territory (Metaxas 746).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This act of hostility came a few months after an attack on a Greek cruiser by an Italian submarine in the port of the island of Tinos in the Aegean. Constantine Tsoukalas writes that Metaxas was \u201cexercising maximum prudence to avoid being drawn into war\u201d (57), but in the end he was forced by Italy\u2019s ultimatum to say: \u201calors, c\u2019est la guerre\u201d (Metaxas 516). At the face of Italy\u2019s aggression, popular response was \u201cunanimous\u201d and \u201cenabled Greece to win the first victory chalked up against the Axis\u201d (Tsoukalas 57).<a href=\"#end3\" name=\"back3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> Thus, Greece entered the war as, by all appearances, a united nation rallying behind its leader.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Historian Christina Koulouri comments that the \u201c28th of October was a convenient anniversary. It was the war against Italy and that was the end of discussion\u201d (\u201cWe like to Celebrate\u201d).<a href=\"#end4\" name=\"back4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> Indeed, the rest of the 1940s presents a difficult history. After the brief victory against Italy, Greece could not defend its borders against the German offensive in the spring of 1941 and, after the three and a half years of occupation that followed, the national community was further devastated by civil war.<a href=\"#end5\" name=\"back5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> In the period that stretches between 1949 and 1974, as Voglis points out, the nation-state silenced the history of the resistance in the 1940s by branding it \u201ca series of violent attempts to impose a communist dictatorship and partition the country\u201d (452). The recognition of the wartime resistance as \u201cnational\u201d and the (re)surfacing of left-wing testimonies of the 1940s that came after the end of the dictatorship in 1974, shifted the grounds on which national memory was produced. Yet, as Voglis suggests, by becoming \u201cnational,\u201d the resistance also became a \u201csymbol of \u2018national unity\u2019\u201d and was effectively de-politicised (453\u201354).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The memory of the 1940s, thus, appears to be a mere inconvenience, as Koulouri implies, while commemorating the events of 28 October 1940 is a fiction of origin that serves to iron out the complexities of historical circumstance and produce a clear and intelligible message of a de-politicised tale of national unity. It is, to follow Eric Hobsbawm\u2019s terms, an \u201cinvented tradition\u201d to the degree that, through the repetition of embodied and discursive practices, the commemoration of a \u201csuitable past\u201d has operated as a formative paradigm in the post-war period (1). Moreover, as I demonstrate in the following section, it also establishes \u201csuitable\u201d connections with other historic milestones and enacts a scenario of re-birth that starts with a single word that is attributed to Metaxas (and, by extension, the Greek people); a word that was never <em>actually<\/em> uttered by him: \u201c\u039f\u03a7\u0399!\u201d (\u201cNO!\u201d).<a href=\"#end6\" name=\"back6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"162\" src=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image2-9.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-856\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The front page of the newspaper <em>Vradini <\/em>with the word \u201cOXI\u201d dominating. Accessed 18 May 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A Scenario of Re-birth: \u201c\u039f\u03a7\u0399!\u201d<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Taylor argues that the study of embodied cultural practices might allow us to expand what we understand as knowledge beyond the logic of the archive and, therefore, to consider anew the ways in which cultural memory is produced and transmitted. In other words, she invites scholars to \u201cpay attention to milieux and corporeal behaviors such as gestures, attitudes, and tones not reducible to language\u201d by exploring cultural scenarios (Taylor 28). The scenario as an analytical lens is borrowed from pedagogical practices in language departments, whereby students are encouraged to learn foreign languages by \u201cimitating, repeating, and rehearsing not just the words but cultural attitudes\u201d (26). What Taylor proposes here is to explore how cultural knowledge is produced and, in turn, produces social settings by drawing on the \u201cdurable\u201d content of archives as well as embodied repertoires that, through repetition, form \u201cchoreographies\u201d (or structures) of meaning that are constantly imitated, adapted and reconstituted (20\u201321).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taylor suggests that the analysis of scenarios as \u201cmeaning-making paradigms\u201d (28) might offer a different way to understand the institution and constitution of communities. In a scenario, the archive and the repertoire enact the community in tandem, sometimes complementing and other times destabilising one another\u2014for example, different bodies holding a flag or wearing a specific costume might operate differently within the specific choreographies of meaning that constitute a national scenario. In addition, because it is always enacted in the present and always repeats its previous iterations, a scenario is at once part of a long-standing tradition and an originary act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The main event of the celebratory scenario staged on 28 October in Thessaloniki, Greece\u2019s second largest city, is the military parade that is customarily followed by speeches from the president of the republic and the leaders of the parliamentary parties. Alongside the military parade, the anniversary is also celebrated in schools that customarily organise festivities (including songs, sketches, poems, paintings and panegyrics). These events are coordinated with wider celebrations on the municipal level, whose climax are parades with the participation of pupils and students from local schools. During the school fetes and at the end of parades, school directors and local authorities speak about the meaning of the anniversary, the meaning of Metaxas\u2019s \u201cOXI.\u201d The rest of the staging consists of streets decorated in the national colours, marching bands, cheers from the crowd. The three letters of the word \u201cOXI\u201d (with or without exclamation mark, but almost always in block capitals) are plastered everywhere\u2014it is, after all, what the nation celebrates on 28 October.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"28\u03b7 \u039f\u039a\u03a4\u03a9\u0392\u03a1\u0399\u039f\u03a5 2019: \u03a3\u03a4\u03a1\u0391\u03a4\u0399\u03a9\u03a4\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u03a0\u0391\u03a1\u0395\u039b\u0391\u03a3\u0397 - \u0395\u03a5\u0396\u03a9\u039d\u0395\u03a3\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/sqwIAGYvZm4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Military parade. Thessaloniki. 28 October 2019<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>What is common in all these practices is that the performing bodies (students and military personnel) are followed by the words of the talking heads (political leaders, municipal and school authorities). The speeches usually start by explicitly stating that they are explanatory (for example, \u201cthe \u2018NO\u2019 of 28 October, the Greek \u2018NO,\u2019 was a major act of resistance\u201d); then, they place the scenario within a wider milieux (for example, \u201cthe Greek \u2018NO\u2019 was a major act of resistance against fascism and a crucial act in defence of Peace, Democracy and Humanity\u201d); finally, the 28 October is defined as the moment that still guides the post-war state (for example, \u201ctoday in Thessaloniki, in our Macedonia, we Greeks respond with the same \u2018NO\u2019 to all those who undermine the same universal Human Values\u201d).<a href=\"#end7\" name=\"back7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> The repetition of this scenario rediscovers, year after year, the national archive (flags, images, costumes, words and music scores) and rehearses repertoires of national pride, endurance and prowess.<a href=\"#end8\" name=\"back8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a> Thus, the nation celebrates its genealogies of heroism: while remembering past generations that made Greece, the armed forces and the students enact the present and the future of the national community.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image3-10.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-857\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image3-10.jpeg 800w, https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image3-10-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image3-10-768x512.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A member of the presidential guard performs the walk of the <em>Evzonos<\/em> outside the National Gardens in Athens, 2008. Photo: Philip Hager<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The military parade consists almost entirely of white male bodies, moving in stiff synchronicity, while its protocol is precise and rigidly hierarchical: first, the commanding officers of the parade arrive by car and settle across the platform in which stand the President of the Republic and the rest of the political, military and religious authorities. They are followed by the mechanised units and, finally, begins the main section of the parade with the march of the Presidential Guard: carefully selected and trained soldiers, dressed in the ceremonial <em>foustanela<\/em>, perform the walk of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sqwIAGYvZm4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Evzonos<\/em><\/a>,<a href=\"#end9\" name=\"back9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a> a carefully executed choreography and sign of the nation\u2019s enduring bravery.<a href=\"#end10\" name=\"back10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The student parade follows a slightly different protocol as there is no hierarchy in the order in which the schools will parade in front of the local (political and religious) authorities.<a href=\"#end11\" name=\"back11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a> What is useful to observe here, however, is that there is a clear sense of hierarchisation of the bodies within each unit of the student parade. As the flag is customarily given to the students with the best academic performance, the flag-bearer is set apart from the rest of their cohort. This hierarchization has further revealed strong nationalist reflexes when the student with the best academic performance has been first- or second-generation immigrant. What is questioned in such cases is whether the flag should be carried by students that were not born in Greece and\/or they were not born by Greek parents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The scenario\u2019s enactment of the nation is further emphasised by the geography of it all. The setting of the festivities in Thessaloniki connects the secular with the religious and places the national effort during World War II in a long tradition of struggles: the celebrations start on 26 October with the religious festival for the city\u2019s guardian saint, St. Dimitrios. In addition, apart from the anniversary of the \u201cOXI,\u201d they also commemorate the city\u2019s liberation and annexation to Greece in October 1912. In this way, the celebratory scenario mirrors the commemoration of the Greek war of independence on 25 March, which also combines the national and Christian Orthodox calendars and is staged in a similar fashion in Athens.<a href=\"#end12\" name=\"back12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a> This mirroring of the celebratory scenarios suggests that, if the war of independence represents the \u201cbirth\u201d of the nation, the celebrations of 28 October enact its \u201cre-birth.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 27\u03b7 \u039f\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2019\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HkFEP5LP-2M?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">High School student parade. Thessaloniki 2019. Accessed 19 May 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As there are specific bodies (Greek, mostly white, able and, in the case of the military parade, mostly well-built and masculine), costumes and rhythms that can perform this scenario, the repertoires of the nation\u2019s re-birth appear to enact a national embodiment as unambiguously docile, singular and exclusive; they seem to erase difference.<a href=\"#end13\" name=\"back13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a> In other words, by means of the exclusion of \u201cother\u201d lives and histories, this scenario of re-birth enacts not only a unanimous, but also a uniform nation. What is more, all the panegyrics delivered during the celebrations make this scenario\u2019s singularity intelligible as such\u2014there can be only one meaning to this anniversary as there can be only one way of performing its memory.<a href=\"#end14\" name=\"back14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a> It seeks, in other words, to build a stable (and somewhat narrow) ground for the national commemoration\u2014a ground that the \u201c10 soldiers of the critical art of acting\u201d that staged the intervention in the 2019 student parade sought to destabilise by undermining its performative repertoires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201cIt\u2019s not particularly silly, is it?\u201d<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The \u201c\u201810 soldiers\u2019 of the critical art of acting\u201d posted on the <em>YouTube <\/em>video of their intervention a manifesto\u2014a, perhaps unintentionally ironic, mirroring of the talking heads\u2019 explicit explanation of the embodied repertoires of the national scenario.<a href=\"#end15\" name=\"back15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> As per their own admission, they \u201cbecame soldiers that were out of tune, that malfunctioned when faced with orders, commands, marching tunes,\u201d they \u201ccome from other homelands\u201d (Dionellis); their bodies cannot and will not conform to the order of the parade, the order of the nation: they are neither male, nor disciplined. They claimed a place next to the bodies of the refugees that came from Asia Minor in 1922 and built the neighbourhood of Nea Filadelfia; next to the migrants and refugees that are currently trapped in Greece\u2019s camps; next to the \u201codd ones, the unnecessary, the unpredictable, the living\u201d (Dionellis).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This intervention, then, invited the national audience to look away from the parade, to ignore its spectacle of uniformity and singularity and encounter the bodies that fall out of its frame of visibility and legibility. Their manifesto made the direct action intelligible as an activist tactic: they destabilised national memory by revealing its exclusionary singularity and by diversifying the scope of commemoration to include forgotten histories and invisible subjects. In addition, the manifesto made \u201csilliness\u201d legible as an act of resistance to the (militarist) repertoires of the parade\u2014at once parodying commemorative practices and reframing resistance and the grounds on which it is enacted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Monty Python\u2019s \u201cMinistry of Silly Walks,\u201d John Cleese walks in the city while in the background we see images of everyday life\u2014people walking about their business, people queueing, people loitering. Against the banality of this backdrop, his silly walk stands out as \u201cextraordinary.\u201d As soon as he enters the Ministry of Silly Walks, however, he becomes \u201cordinary\u201d\u2014everyone walks like him. The only cacophony in there is a man whose walk is \u201cnot particularly silly\u201d and who \u201cwith government backing\u201d promises to make it \u201creally silly\u201d (Monty Python). At the centre of this sketch, then, lies the contrast between the \u201csilly\u201d and the \u201cnormal\u201d world. But, as the sketch and the episode containing it unfold, it becomes unclear who is \u201csilly\u201d and who is \u201cnormal.\u201d The silly walk recurs in the background at random intervals during the episode and, after a certain point, the spectator might anticipate the silly walk to appear in the background\u2014it destabilises the cityscape even when absent or invisible. In this sense, the interaction between the members of the Ministry of Silly Walks with members of the public renders the familiar cityscape strange: the silly walk seems to summarise and point at the absurdity of urban life by questioning repertoires and discourses around \u201cnormality.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If by making the familiar strange, the silly walk questions the \u201cnormality\u201d of the \u201cnormal,\u201d what happens when it is performed in a context that is neither ordinary (in that it is a special occasion) nor extraordinary (in that it seeks to delineate and measure national \u201cnormality\u201d)? If, in other words, the repertoire employed by the \u201c\u201810 soldiers\u2019 of the critical art of acting\u201d makes the \u201cnormal\u201d seem \u201cstrange,\u201d what did their intervention <em>do<\/em> to the scenario of re-birth? Or, to put it differently, what did their unruly bodies <em>do<\/em> to the disciplined \u201cnational\u201d bodies involved in the parade (the bodies of those who fell in the war and the bodies of the resistance fighters, but also the bodies of the students parading around them and the military bodies that march in Thessaloniki year after year)? Was it a disrespectful act of aggression, as part of the press suggested? And if so, aggression against whom? The local mayor\u2019s banal sexist vocabulary when calling them \u201cpathetic young girls\u201d (\u201cParade\u201d), after having already branded them as \u201csilly,\u201d is telling of the kind of sensibilities unsettled by this direct action:<a href=\"#end16\" name=\"back16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a> by disrupting the protocol, the performative repertoire of the parade and making their bodies and their identities intelligible as outsiders, they exposed the \u201cuniversal values\u201d of the commemorative scenario as narrowly national, male and singular. In this sense, their silly walk was directed against the commemorative scenario, not the event and historical subjects remembered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The mayor\u2019s angry statement further revealed the ways in which the silly walk unsettled the scenario of re-birth. He wrote that they \u201cmocked and insulted the memory of those who fell in action . . . and, to make things worse, [they did so] under the Greek flag\u201d (\u201cParade\u201d). Mocking the flag, it seems, is worse than mocking the people that fought and died for it; precision to the repertoires of commemoration appears to be more important than the past they seek to enact. And to draw injury to insult, the silly walk shifts the spectator\u2019s gaze towards the tradition of the parade and questions the \u201cnormality\u201d of the acts of remembrance, thus unsettling the intelligibility of its message: might one not recognise silliness in the homogenous and synchronous choreographies of the parade, in the exaggerated walk of the <em>Evzonos<\/em>, in the militarised repertoires that frame the scenario of re-birth? By unsettling the intelligibility of the message thus, the silly walk produced unstable grounds and, in doing so, enabled what was hitherto excluded from history to emerge and trouble its retelling\u2014and the angry responses of the authorities do nothing but confirm this.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image1-11.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-855\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image1-11.jpeg 800w, https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image1-11-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image1-11-768x512.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u201c\u201810 soldiers\u2019 of the critical art of acting\u201d perform their rendition of Monty Python\u2019s \u201csilly walk,\u201d 2019. Photo: courtesy of the \u201c\u201810 soldiers\u2019 of the critical art of acting\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>As the bodies of the activists appear unable to fit in the rigidly singular repertoires of the Greek commemoration of World War II, there is something particularly striking in the image they present: their limbs stretch in all directions and they constantly seem to be on the verge of falling. But they don\u2019t. They continue their grotesque procession before the surprised, ironic, angry and, perhaps, admiring gaze of the representatives of the national community. Are they \u201csilly\u201d or is the scenario of re-birth \u201csilly\u201d? Are they off balance or is the ground they walk unstable? By virtue of appearing out of balance, the ground they walk becomes unstable. And by destabilising the ground on which history is enacted, the \u201csilliness\u201d of these bodies invents a public sphere whose focus shifts from the national body to \u201cother\u201d vulnerable and excluded bodies; from the history of the nation to \u201cother\u201d forgotten, overlooked or censored histories. These \u201csilly\u201d bodies, ultimately, invent a public sphere that enables radical adaptations of national fictions of origin and scenarios of re-birth. They invent history off balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Endnotes<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end1\" href=\"#back1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zw9Zhc5-u1k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zw9Zhc5-u1k<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end2\" href=\"#back2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> All translations from Greek are the author\u2019s unless otherwise stated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end3\" href=\"#back3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> This sense of unanimity was further emphasised by an open letter by Nikos Zakhariadis, leader of the Greek Communist Party who was imprisoned by Metaxas\u2019s regime, in which he urged all Greeks: \u201c[to] commit unconditionally to this war fought by the Metaxas government\u201d (Zakhariadis). Nevertheless, it is important to point out that this was (and was intended as) a temporary truce. After the war, he wrote, Greece would become a country \u201cthat stands for labour and freedom . . . with a truly people\u2019s culture\u201d (Zakhariadis).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end4\" href=\"#back4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> The 28th of October was celebrated for the first time in 1941 as an act of resistance to the occupying forces with events organised by nationalist\/bourgeois organisations as well as the, then, newly formed EAM (the communist-led resistance). Celebrations were also held in 1942, but in 1943 they were violently repressed by the German occupying forces. Although the two opposing political camps seldomly recognise each other\u2019s contribution to these celebrations (Petropoulos), the fact is that the anniversary of Metaxas\u2019s rejection of the Italian ultimatum was immediately recognised by all parties as the (symbolic) beginning of the resistance. The first official state celebration of the 28th of October took place in 1944, just days after the exiled government led by George Papandreou returned to Athens and weeks before the opening act of the civil war, the December 1944 battle of Athens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end5\" href=\"#back5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> The Greek civil war between the communist DSE (Democratic Army of Greece) and the National Army took place between 1946 and 1949 and is one of the first theatres of the Cold War (Clogg 147). Writing in 1969, Constantine Tsoukalas suggested that the legacy of the civil war can be traced in the \u201cunprecedented political, ideological and cultural cleavage between what was labelled \u2018the national attitude\u2019 . . . and the remnants of the progressive forces\u201d; \u201ca cleavage that was the basis of a deep-rooted anti-communism that \u201cpermeated every aspect of social and cultural life\u201d (114\u201315).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end6\" href=\"#back6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a> \u201c\u038c\u03c7\u03b9\u201d [pronounced \u201cohi\u201d] in Greek means no, and although Metaxas\u2019s actual response (\u201calors, c\u2019est la guerre\u201d) was to the same effect, he appears to have never used the word \u201cno.\u201d Although the central message of the celebration (the commemoration of resistance to the Italian acts of aggression) is true to the events that transpired in the morning of 28 October 1940, the transition from the phrase \u201cthis means war\u201d (uttered in French) to the more simplified Greek word \u201cno\u201d reframes the legibility of the message: first, his response in French which implicitly (re)cites all the previous times this phrase has been uttered in chambers of power is a sign of privilege; and second, a single everyday word adds clarity to the message and more readily invites a singular frame of legibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end7\" href=\"#back7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> These extracts come from the October 2019 post-parade statement by the then President of Greece Prokopis Pavlopoulos (Pavlopoulos).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end8\" href=\"#back8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a> The tradition of military parades in Greece begins in the 1870s. Nevertheless, Koulouri maintains, it was in 1930 that \u201cthe parade [was] established as an integral part of the national celebration.\u201d This development follows the paradigm of the rest of Europe where \u201cthe \u2018national ritual\u2019 that includes the military parade is fully established after World War I\u201d (Koulouri, <em>Fustanellas <\/em>467\u201369). The student parades also begin sporadically in the latter quarter of the nineteenth century and they are formally established as part of the celebratory rituals by Metaxas (Daskalopoulou).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end9\" href=\"#back9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sqwIAGYvZm4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sqwIAGYvZm4<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end10\" href=\"#back10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a> According to its own account, the Presidential Guard is a \u201cguardian of [national] history and culture\u201d and its uniform \u201cis part of our national identity and is inextricably linked to Greece\u2019s modern history\u201d (\u201cPresidential Guard\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end11\" href=\"#back11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a> The student parade takes place on the morning of 28 October in all municipalities, apart from Thessaloniki where it is staged a day earlier because of the preparations for the military parade. Although these parades participate in the militarist scenario rehearsed in the celebrations, they differ in that the participants are not military personnel and, therefore, the rigidity of the execution is of lesser importance\u2014even if there are always eponymous and anonymous members of the public that complain about the lack of precision and synchronicity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end12\" href=\"#back12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a> The 25th of March is the main Greek national holiday and celebrates the beginning of the war of independence in 1821 (the nation\u2019s \u201cbirth\u201d after a long period of gestation) and the Annunciation (a major date in the Christian Orthodox calendar). The mirroring of the two national celebrations was first established in the first official commemoration of the 28 October anniversary in 1944 by George Papandreou, Prime Minister at the time: \u201cThe government has proclaimed [the 28th of October] a National Holiday, comparable to the 25th of March 1821. Because the struggle and glory of our Nation were equivalent\u201d (Bellou).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end13\" href=\"#back13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a> Nevertheless, a key difference between the military and the student parade is that while in the former the focus is on white and male bodies, the latter allows \u201cother\u201d bodies that are neither white nor male to perform. In this sense, the student parade offers the opportunity to apply pressure on the scenario that is enacted in the 28 October celebrations in ways that the military parade does not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end14\" href=\"#back14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a> My focus here is on the parade as part of a scenario that rehearses the official memory of the nation-state. Even though, as Koulouri points out (\u201c60 Years\u201d), the parade has occasionally been contested in the country\u2019s post-war history, it still occupies a central position in the nation\u2019s commemorative repertoires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end15\" href=\"#back15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zw9Zhc5-u1k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zw9Zhc5-u1k<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a name=\"end16\" href=\"#back16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a> The mayor was not alone in responding with anger to this direct action. Right-wing MP Konstantinos Bogdanos pressed charges against the activists for offending the memory of \u201cour ancestors who sacrificed their lives for freedom\u201d (Papadimas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Bellou, Eleni. \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/tvxs.gr\/news\/ellada\/mia-ethniki-epeteios-se-lathos-imerominia\" target=\"_blank\">A National Anniversary on the Wrong Date?<\/a>\u201d [\u201c\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1;\u201d]. <em>TVXS<\/em>, 28 Oct. 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Clogg, Richard. <em>A Concise History of Greece<\/em>. Cambridge UP, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Daskalopoulou, Ntina. \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.efsyn.gr\/node\/216995\" target=\"_blank\">From Metaxas to Golden Dawn<\/a>\u201d [\u201c\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03a7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2\u201d]. <em>EfSyn<\/em>, 31 Oct. 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Dionellis, Marios. \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.efsyn.gr\/ellada\/koinonia\/216810_manifesto-ton-10-koritsion-tis-parelasis\" target=\"_blank\">The \u2018Manifesto\u2019 of the 10 Girls in the Parade<\/a>\u201d [\u201c\u03a4\u03bf \u2018\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u2019 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\u201d]. <em>EfSyn<\/em>, 30 Oct. 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Hobsbawm, Eric. \u201cIntroduction: Inventing Traditions.\u201d <em>The Invention of Tradition<\/em>, edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, Cambridge UP, 1983, pp. 1\u201314.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Koulouri, Christina. \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tovima.gr\/2008\/11\/24\/opinions\/60-xronia-apo-ton-polemo-toy-40\/\" target=\"_blank\">60 Years from the War of 1940<\/a>\u201d [\u201c60 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 40\u201d]. <em>\u03a4\u03bf \u0392\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 <\/em>[<em>To Vema<\/em>], 24 Nov, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">&#8212;. <em>Fustanellas<\/em><em> <\/em><em>and&nbsp;<\/em><em>Togas<\/em><em>. <\/em><em>Historical<\/em><em> <\/em><em>Memory<\/em><em> <\/em><em>and<\/em><em> <\/em><em>National<\/em><em> <\/em><em>Identity<\/em><em> <\/em><em>in<\/em><em> <\/em><em>Greece<\/em>. [<em>\u03a6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2<\/em><em> <\/em><em>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9<\/em><em> <\/em><em>\u03c7\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03cd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2<\/em><em>: <\/em><em>\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/em><em> <\/em><em>\u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7<\/em><em> <\/em><em>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9<\/em><em> <\/em><em>\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/em><em> <\/em><em>\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/em><em>]. <\/em>\u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">&#8212;-.&nbsp; \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tanea.gr\/2011\/05\/13\/lifearts\/culture\/mas-aresei-na-giortazoy-e-tis-eksegerseis-oxi-to-telos-toys\/\" target=\"_blank\">We Like to Celebrate the Revolts Not Their Endings<\/a>\u201d [\u201c\u039c\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u0301\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u0301\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u0301\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bf\u0301\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u0301\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u201d]. <em>Ta Nea <\/em>[<em>\u03a4\u03b1 \u039d\u03ad\u03b1<\/em>],13 May 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Metaxas, Ioannis. <em>Metaxas<\/em><em>\u2019 <\/em><em>Personal<\/em><em> <\/em><em>Diary<\/em><em> 1933\u20131941: 4 <\/em><em>August<\/em><em>\u2014<\/em><em>the<\/em><em> <\/em><em>War<\/em><em> 1940\u20131941<\/em> [<em>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03ac\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0397\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf 1933\u20131941: \u03b7 4\u03b7 \u0391\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u2014\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 1940 \u20131941<\/em>]. \u038a\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, 1960.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">\u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=F3UGk9QhoIw\" target=\"_blank\">Monty Python, the Ministry of Silly Walks<\/a>.\u201d <em>Youtube<\/em>, uploaded by Eddy Wuyts, 6 Apr. 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Papadimas, Giannis. \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.efsyn.gr\/stiles\/apopseis\/217230_giati-einai-prosblitiki-i-parembasi-stin-parelasi-tis-neas-filadelfeias\" target=\"_blank\">Why is the Intervention in the Parade at Nea Philadelphia Insulting?<\/a>\u201d&nbsp; [\u201c\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039d\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2\u201d]. <em>EfSyn<\/em>, 3 Nov. 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">&#8212;. \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.athensvoice.gr\/greece\/591580_parelasi-ala-monty-python-sti-nea-filadelfeia-video\" target=\"_blank\">Parade in the Style of Monty Python in Nea Filadelfia<\/a>\u201d [\u201c\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03ac Monty Python \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u039d\u03ad\u03b1 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u201d]. <em>Athens Voice<\/em>, 29 Oct. 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Pavlopoulos, Prokopis. \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prokopiospavlopoulos.gr\/2019\/10\/28\/%CE%B4%CE%AE%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B4-%CF%80-%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC-%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CF%80\/\" target=\"_blank\">Statement on the Anniversary of 28 October 1940 by the PotR P. Pavlopoulos after the Parade<\/a>\u201d [\u201c\u0394\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03c4\u0394 \u03a0. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 28\u03b7\u03c2 \u039f\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1940\u201d]. <em>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/em> [<em>Prokopis Pavlopoulos, former President of the Republic<\/em>], 28 Oct. 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Petropoulos, Giorgos. \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rizospastis.gr\/story.do?id=4266844\" target=\"_blank\">The Celebration of the first Anniversary of the Popular NO to the Italian-fascist Invasion<\/a>\u201d [\u201c\u039f \u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039f\u03a7\u0399 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae.]&nbsp; <em>Rizospastis<\/em> [<em>\u03a1\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>], 27 Oct. 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">\u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.presidency.gr\/organosi-leitourgia\/proedriki-froura\/\" target=\"_blank\">Presidential Guard<\/a>\u201d [\u201c\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u201d]. <em>Presidency<\/em>, <em>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Taylor, Diana. <em>The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas<\/em>. Duke UP, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Tsoukalas, Constantine. <em>The Greek Tragedy<\/em>. Penguin, 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Voglis, Polymeris. \u201cThe 1940 as Past: Memory, Testimony, Identity\u201d [\u201c\u0397 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1940 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd: \u039c\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7, \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u201d]. <em>Historica <\/em>[<em>\u03a4\u03b1 \u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/em>], vol. 47, 2007, pp. 437\u201356.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent\">Zakhariadis, Nikos. \u201c<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/ellinika\/archive\/zachariadis\/1940\/10\/31.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Open Letter to the People of Greece<\/a>\u201d [\u201c\u0391\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03cc \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03b1\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2\u201d]. <em>Marxists.org<\/em>, 31 Oct. 1940.<a name=\"end\">&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-thumbnail alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/Philip-Hager-150x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-858\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"end\" href=\"#back\">*<\/a><strong>Philip Hager<\/strong> is associate lecturer at Canterbury Christ Church University, and his research examines contemporary performance theory and practice with a particular focus on questions around citizenship, urban space and cultural memory in European contexts. He has co-edited<em> Performances of Capitalism Crises and Resistance: Inside\/Outside Europe<\/em> (Palgrave, 2015) and the special issue <em>Dramaturgies of Change: Greek Theatre Now<\/em> (<em>Journal of Greek Media and Culture<\/em>, vol. 3, no. 2, 2017). He is co-founder and co-convener of the Inside\/Outside Europe research network and has co-convened the Performance, Identity, Community working group at the Theatre and Performance Research Association.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">Copyright <strong>\u00a9<\/strong> 2021 Philip Hager<br><em>Critical Stages\/Sc\u00e8nes critiques<\/em> e-ISSN: 2409-7411<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons Attribution International License\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">This work is licensed under the<br>Creative Commons Attribution International License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":855,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-special-topic"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image1-11.jpeg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":863,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/editors-note\/","url_meta":{"origin":854,"position":0},"title":"Editors\u2019 Note","author":"Philip Hager","date":"June 27, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Gigi Argyropoulou* and Stefanie Sachsenmaier** This extended issue of Critical Stages\/Sc\u00e8nes critiques explores\u00a0reconfigurations of performance and politics emerging on unstable grounds and has been conceived, created and finalised during a period of shifting conditions that permeated all sorts of aspects of life across the globe. It examines specific performance operations,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Special Topic&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Special Topic","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/category\/special-topic\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/Communication-of-crisis.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/Communication-of-crisis.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/Communication-of-crisis.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/Communication-of-crisis.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":625,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/theatre-strike-for-climate-lending-a-voice-to-nature-in-tribunal-theatre\/","url_meta":{"origin":854,"position":1},"title":"Theatre Strike for Climate: Lending a Voice to Nature in Tribunal Theatre","author":"Philip Hager","date":"June 11, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Steff Nellis* Abstract In this article, I analyse the ways in which Maria Lucia Cruz Correia, Rebekka de Wit and Anoek Nuyens rethink the relationship between performance and ecopolitics. With their tribunal theatre performances Voice of Nature: The Trial (2019) and The Shell Trial (2020), the artists strive to reconfigure\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Special Topic&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Special Topic","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/category\/special-topic\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image5-2.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image5-2.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image5-2.jpeg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/06\/image5-2.jpeg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":371,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/the-self-immolation-of-david-buckel-towards-a-postdramatic-activism\/","url_meta":{"origin":854,"position":2},"title":"The Self-Immolation of David Buckel: Towards a Postdramatic Activism","author":"Philip Hager","date":"June 18, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Victoria Scrimer* Abstract On 14 April 2018, lawyer and environmental activist David Buckel burned himself to death in Brooklyn\u2019s Prospect Park in what has been called the first self-immolation in the name of climate change. Yet, few people have heard about his final, extraordinary act of protest and even fewer\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Special Topic&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Special Topic","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/category\/special-topic\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/image7.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/image7.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/image7.jpeg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/image7.jpeg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":401,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/performance-and-politics-in-a-time-of-confinement-virtual-stages-between-south-africa-and-african-america\/","url_meta":{"origin":854,"position":3},"title":"Performance and Politics in a Time of Confinement: Virtual Stages between South Africa and African America","author":"Philip Hager","date":"June 4, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Loren Kruger* Abstract This essay spotlights performances, social and artistic, in 2020 that touch points on the circum-Atlantic routes that have linked Africa, African-America and Europe for centuries and which speak to the long history as well as to present expressions of sorrow and revolt in the crisis and confinement\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Special Topic&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Special Topic","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/category\/special-topic\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/featured-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/featured-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/featured-2.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/featured-2.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":259,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/who-are-the-hypocrites-moliere-in-the-know\/","url_meta":{"origin":854,"position":4},"title":"Who Are the Hypocrites? Moli\u00e8re in the Know","author":"Philip Hager","date":"May 5, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Aikaterini Delikonstantinidou* The Cabal of Hypocrites or Moli\u00e8re, written by Mikhail Bulgakov. Produced by the National Theatre of Greece, Main Stage, 6 February 2021. Directed by Stathis Livathinos; translated by Leonidas Karantzas; set and costumes by Eleni Manilopoulou; music by Theodore Abazis; movement by Ageliki Stellatou; lighting by Alekos Anastasiou.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Performance Reviews&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Performance Reviews","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/category\/performance-reviews\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/Photo-3.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/Photo-3.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/Photo-3.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/Photo-3.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":297,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/contemporary-latvian-theatre-a-decade-bookazine\/","url_meta":{"origin":854,"position":5},"title":"Contemporary Latvian Theatre, A Decade Bookazine","author":"Philip Hager","date":"May 5, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Edited by Lauma Mell\u0113na-Bartkevi\u010da207 pp. Latvian Theatre Labour Association Reviewed by Matti Linnavuori* It seems only a moment ago that Guna Zelti\u0146a edited Theatre in Latvia (2012), and suddenly we have a new edition, Contemporary Latvian Theatre (2020), edited by Lauma Mell\u0113na-Bartkevi\u010da. Has theatre in Latvia really taken such giant\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Book Reviews&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Book Reviews","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/category\/book-reviews\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/05\/Matti_Linnavuori-140x150.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=854"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/854\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1039,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/854\/revisions\/1039"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=854"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=854"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/23\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}