{"id":70,"date":"2020-05-05T09:20:37","date_gmt":"2020-05-05T09:20:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/?p=70"},"modified":"2023-03-15T11:34:12","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T11:34:12","slug":"making-community-in-the-age-of-migration-what-is-the-role-of-social-media-in-contemporary-theatre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/making-community-in-the-age-of-migration-what-is-the-role-of-social-media-in-contemporary-theatre\/","title":{"rendered":"Making Community in the Age of Migration: What Is the Role of Social Media in Contemporary Theatre"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Janne Cleveland<\/strong><a href=\"#end\" name=\"back\">*<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"abstract\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap abstract wp-block-paragraph\">In thinking about the aspects of staging that mediate performance, I turn to my experience of seeing the 2018 Stratford Festival production of Shakespeare&#8217;s <font class=\"no-italics\">Coriolanus<\/font>, directed by Robert Lepage. What stood out to me, in one scene, was how texting on a large screen conveyed dialogue to the audience, inserted humour and signaled the ways that communication takes place as much (if not more) through technology than in person in the twenty-first century. Given the plethora of technologies, both on our stages and in our lives, this paper explores, through a close examination of the use of media in this production, how the \u201csocial\u201d aspect of social media brings us together (if it does), and what happens to our notion of community in a time of massive migrations resulting from the proliferation of social upheaval and unrest.<br><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: community, social media, staging, civil unrest<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The\nuse of technology in making theatre is certainly nothing new. With the rapid tech\nadvances in recent years, it&#8217;s now unusual to attend a production that <em>doesn&#8217;t <\/em>incorporate various types of projections,\nspecial lighting effects, extra-diegetic sound elements or other trendy tech\naspects as part of the audience experience. Given the plethora of technologies,\nboth on our stages and in our lives, this paper will explore, through a close\nexamination of the use of media in Robert Lepage&#8217;s 2018 production of <em>Coriolanus<\/em>, how the \u201csocial\u201d aspect of\nsocial media brings us together (if it does), and what happens to our notion of\ncommunity in a time of massive migrations resulting from the proliferation of\nsocial upheaval and unrest. What, in other words, does staging our relationship\nto social media, through narratives that reflect contemporary conditions and\nrelations, do to mark our interconnectedness in a world that feels more and\nmore the disconnections of a trash fire? <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"268\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-71\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image1-1.jpg 268w, https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image1-1-251x300.jpg 251w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Director Robert Lepage. Photo: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Lepage\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I was initially struck by the idea of these connections\/disconnections through media, and in particular social media, while attending a performance of Robert Lepage&#8217;s 2018 modern dress production of&nbsp;<em>Coriolanus&nbsp;<\/em>at the Stratford Festival. The connections between Shakespeare&#8217;s last Roman play and the sense of political betrayal and distrust in the contemporary world are exceptionally clear, and Lepage is only the latest performance practitioner to recognize and make use of this text to comment on class relations in a fraught socioeconomic landscape of deprivation.<a href=\"#end1\" name=\"back1\"><sup>[i]<\/sup><\/a> At stake in the play is the very integrity of the Republic, where the Constitutional demands of &#8220;balancing rituals of trust and obligation&#8221; are dependent upon &#8220;a legislative structure vested uneasily in both the citizen assembly and the patrician senate, a dual executive of two elected consuls with reciprocal powers of veto over each other, and tribunes to make representations from the people to the senate&#8221; (Carver 177). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within this uneasy setting of a sociopolitical landscape threatened from within by civil war and from without from one of its warring tribes, the Volscians, current interest in this play is understandable. From Trumpian theatrics in the U.S., Brexit in the U.K., the civil wars of Yemen, Syria and South Sudan, as well as the continued onslaught against public services in Ontario, to the recent election of Jason Kenney&#8217;s right-wing UCP in Alberta, Shakespeare&#8217;s <em>Coriolanus<\/em> seems like it was written for our own time and global location. What is most interesting to me in Lepage&#8217;s treatment of this play is how the use of media frames the animosity between the ruled and ruling classes, provides commentary on who should enjoy the rights and privileges of community and draws focus to these relational conflicts through its staging. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"video-1\">Video 1<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Projections in Coriolanus | Stratford Festival\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tOqAl6gnu5c?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As\nnoted in the Toronto Star review of the play, this production not only confirms\n&#8220;Lepage&#8217;s reputation as a cinematic theatremaker&#8221; with its focus on\nvisuals but also has the result that &#8220;[Lepage] is critiquing the media\nconstruction of greatness&#8221; (Fricker 2018). In a play that begins in <em>media res<\/em> with the Plebeians denouncing\nCaius Martius (later known as Coriolanus) as &#8220;chief enemy to the\npeople&#8221; (1.i.8), at a time when the citizens are threatened with drought-induced\nstarvation, the work of spinning the valiant warrior Coriolanus as worthy of\nthe position of Consul in Senate resembles nothing so much as the political\ncampaigns of our own era, replete with television news bites in this production\nthat reflect the mercurial mood of the community. While the titular character\nhas been conventionally understood as an elitist patrician bridling against the\ndemands of placating the plebeians in the political sphere of the Republic,\nhere, &#8220;Coriolanus&#8217; disdain for the Roman public, . . . seems more\nsympathetic in the context of social media pile-ons and groupthink&#8221; (Fricker\n2018). It is in this realm of media representation that Lepage&#8217;s production\nlinks Shakespeare&#8217;s work most directly to our own contemporary moment. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In\na production that is entirely framed through the use of media with its television\nscreens, picture-like framing of scenes and filmic tracking shots, there is one\nmoment that stands out in particular where two characters communicate via\ntexting, which is projected on a darkened screen between them. They are thus,\nequally connected through the medium of texting and physically disconnected, as\nis indicated by having their backs turned from one another. In this short,\nhumorous scene between a Roman guard and a Volscian one keeping watch at their\nremote posts, the characters provide exposition about the state of things in\nRome, which is edging closer to the brink of civil war as a result of the\ncontinuing food shortages.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image2-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-72\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image2-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image2-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image2-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Two soldiers on guard duty communicate by text as the threat of war between the Romans and Volscians looms. <em>Coriolanus <\/em>by William Shakespeare. Directed by Robert Lepage. August 2018, Stratford Festival. Photo: David Hou\/Stratford Festival. Image courtesy of <em>The New York Times<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lepage&#8217;s choice to have the guards communicate through texting, rather than speak directly, certainly resonates for audiences familiar with the constant news of civil wars in the twenty-first century, delivered through the proliferation of media. The use of texting incorporated here signals the ways in which&nbsp;news (both personal and official) is communicated and mediated through technologies that are sometimes trusted and, more often in the contemporary world, seen as suspiciously partisan. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus,\nLepage&#8217;s visual framing of the play reminds us that we are in a new realm of\nmediated communication that reflects the world outside the theatre, in which the\ntechnologies through which we communicate are altering how we receive news and\nunderstand the world. In a play that stages a culture grappling with the emergence\nof democracy through attempting to establish a new republican system of\ngovernance, issues of trust are foregrounded, much as they are in the current\nclimate of spin doctoring and \u201cfake news.\u201d The struggle to balance the\nrelations between the ruling class and those being ruled, as evident in the play,\nresonates for audiences living a similar situation in 2018, where the tensions\nbetween voters and those seeking office is amplified in the social strata of <em>Facebook<\/em>\nand <em>Twitter<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In\nthe information age, news (whether it is true or not) circulates at an\nincredible rate, and serves to inform the public, which in Lepage&#8217;s production\nforegrounds the clash between the rulers and the ruled. As Lepage notes in an\ninterview posted to the Stratford Festival webpage, &#8220;nowadays, public\nopinion is mostly represented not by tribunes and mass assemblies, but by mass\nmedia and social media.\u201d &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So,\nLepage&#8217;s staging with its focus on multimedia forms (television news, texting,\netc.) speaks to the world of the audience as much as the dialogue speaks to the\nissue of what is trustworthy in the political arena within the world of the\nplay. In both instances, no longer are we in the golden age of broadcasting\nwhere the news of the day is delivered by a source the viewer can trust, as in\nthe days of Cronkite, Brokaw, and Lloyd Robertson (voted &#8220;Most Trusted News\nAnchor&#8221;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now,\nand for the characters in <em>Coriolanus<\/em>,the very media that informs cannot\nalways be trusted to present an accurate picture of the world and its\nleadership, to the point where we&#8217;ve ended up in the realm of \u201cfake news\u201d and\nits deep-seated issues of trust, loyalty and betrayal. In such a fraught and\nsuspicious political landscape, how then do we make community in a democratic\nsense? Is good government simply, as Lepage suggests in his interview with the\nStratford Festival just a matter of choosing the right leader? And even if this\nis so, how do we know whether or not she or he is, in fact, the right leader? And\nwhat, for that matter, are the features of that so-called right leader? So, in\nthe age of <em>Facebook<\/em> and <em>Twitter<\/em>, Lepage&#8217;s <em>Coriolanus <\/em>is as much about the ways in which media influences our\ncollective sense of community in response to the world as it is a play that\nuses media to stage a narrative of trust, betrayal and exile against a backdrop\nof the erosion of public trust. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"video-2\">Video 2<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Coriolanus \u2013 Stratford Festival On Film Trailer\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aCes-WK9cak?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This\nforegrounding of media, along with being a trademark of Lepage&#8217;s work, also\nreinforces Chatzrichristodoulou&#8217;s observation that &#8220;digital technology is\na product of digital culture&#8221; (314). Certainly, at this point in time, it\nshould be obvious to even the most rigid Luddite that we are deeply immersed in\ndigital culture, so much so that, as Peter Kuling and Laura Levin note in their\nintroduction to the 2014 edition of <em>Canadian\nTheatre Review <\/em>that focused on Digital Performance, the technological\ninnovations we experience &#8220;expose our relation to temporality, to global\ncapital, and to twenty-first century values&#8221; (6). &nbsp;The implication here is that the rapid changes\nin technologies underscore and perhaps unsettle the very values that mark the twenty-first\ncentury. Further, it is the very unsettledness of the digital culture itself\nthat Lepage&#8217;s production of <em>Coriolanus <\/em>invites\nus to consider. Ultimately, in Shakespeare&#8217;s play, Coriolanus is exiled and dies\nbrutally at the hands of the Volscian soldiers, not belonging to either Roman\nor Volscian place\/culture, having been defined as a traitor by both. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While\nCoriolanus himself is accused of betrayal to both his Roman heritage and the\nVolscians, with whom he allies himself after his banishment from Rome, he is\nequally betrayed by them and left with no place of belonging, either literally\nor ideologically. Perhaps unlike migrants and refugees in our own time,\nCoriolanus finds himself in exile not so much in a quest for a better life or\nbetter opportunities but as a means of seeking vengeance for his expulsion from\nRome. Very much like the man-child he is, he says to his mother, when she comes\nto beg him to broker peace rather than lead the Volscian forces in war against\nRome, &#8220;I shall be loved when I am lacked&#8221; (IV.i.18). While this may\ngive us some insight into this character&#8217;s emotional maturity (and thus his\ninability to be the right leader), the ultimate result is that he is left with\nno place of belonging, much like those choosing migration over certain calamity\nin our own global context. In his attempt to forge community, Coriolanus lacks\nthe understanding of both the Roman culture he leaves and the Volscian culture\nto which he gravitates. This failure to understand what it is that creates and\nbinds community is the ultimate tragedy for this character. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In\nhis seminal treatise <em>The Inoperative\nCommunity<\/em>, Jean-Luc Nancy notes that &#8220;community is that singular\nontological order in which the other and the same are alike (<em>sont le semblable<\/em>): that is to say in\nthe sharing of identity&#8221; (34). Further, in his consideration of what\nconstitutes community in the first place, Nancy suggests that &#8220;community\nis given to us\u2014or we are given or abandoned to the community: a gift to be\nrenewed and communicated, it is not a work to be done or produced&#8221; (35). If\n<em>Coriolanus <\/em>is a play about the\ndifficulties of sustaining a Republican community (how apt for our times) that\ninsists that &#8220;civil discourse is the freedom to hear and be heard. . . .\nIt is the heart of democracy&#8221; (Raspa 217), then its central character also\nstands as a warning against the failure to recognize that community is not a\nproduct but a process marked by constant change, and as such is necessary to\nthe continuation of the republic. Coriolanus&#8217; insistence on the hierarchical binary\nof elitist versus populist governance, which divides the community and hampers\nthe democratic possibilities of the republic, results in his own expulsion from\ncommunity to a liminal space of non-being. Arguably, it is his unwillingness to\nconsider any perspective not aligned with his own position as a patrician that\nmakes of him such a tragic character. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In\nhis unrelenting valorization of the virtue of courage, which he has ably demonstrated,\nCoriolanus completely neglects the other three complementary classical virtues\nnoted by Raspa, &#8220;prudence, temperance, and justice&#8221; (222). Without\nthese virtues, Shakespeare seems to suggest one cannot be a good leader, one that\nunderstands the necessity for compromise and collaboration through a balance of\nthe four virtues. As perhaps Shakespeare&#8217;s most political play, we might agree\nwith Raspa, who suggests that, taken together, the Roman plays &#8220;mirror\nElizabethan times, for the plays deal with leadership and crucial transmissions\nof power in the state&#8221; (Raspa 215).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"video-3\">Video 3<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u00ab Coriolan \u00bb : la magie th\u00e9\u00e2trale de Robert Lepage\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7RfT4DAFzqU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Coriolanus <\/em>at Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Nouveau Monde<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the time Shakespeare pens this final instalment of those plays (1608), James I has risen to power, following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, and has been the target of the failed 1605 Gunpowder Plot to blow up Parliament. Despite the instabilities at the onset of the Jacobean period, one thing that is historically certain is that &#8220;with the fall of the monarchy, the Roman Republic rises&#8221; (214), a fact of which Shakespeare and his audience would have been well aware. Unlike Coriolanus, who ends his life in exile, having alienated both communities to which he has ties, James I managed to rule the English (and Irish and Scottish) for 22 years until his own death in 1625, perhaps because he understood the necessity of utilizing all four of the classical virtues in equal measure. Thus, the play might also be understood as a reminder of the mercurial instabilities of Republican governance that demand co-operation with the citizenry, here represented by those Machiavellian tribunes, Sicinius and Brutus. It is specifically through these two figures, who, in their scheming to reinforce their own position and power, manipulate the plebeians for their own ends and exemplify the disconnection between representatives and constituents, that so marks the cynicism of our own political times. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While\nstories of political manipulation are nothing new to theatre, or life for that\nmatter, the way in which these tribunes manoeuver the people to raise their\nvoices against Coriolanus for the position of Consul speaks to the problem of\nmob rule raised in the play. So, while Coriolanus is a clear candidate for the\nposition, given his service to the state as a military leader, Sicinius and\nBrutus are well aware of his disdain for the commoners, who he variously\ndescribes as &#8220;dissentious rogues . . . [and] curs&#8221; (I.i.175\u2013179), and\nthey use this knowledge to sway the people to deny him as Consul. In short\norder, the people go from agreeing to give Coriolanus their support to\ndemanding his banishment (3.iii.135), after the tribunes convince them to do\nso. What Coriolanus in his disdain for the commoners points out is that the mob\ncannot be trusted precisely because they can be so easily lead. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lepage\nhimself expresses a similar view when he notes, &#8220;A well-balanced society\nrelies on freedom of expression, but also on putting political decisions in the\nhands of specialists, people who are educated&#8221; (Interview). It&#8217;s not\nenough, however, that the leaders are educated, as our own moment demonstrates,\nbut it requires putting faith in leaders who will make decisions based on\nprinciple rather than on majority opinion (Interview). And certainly social\nmedia is a forum replete with opinion, often unsupported, as Lepage notes when\nhe says, &#8220;although you can encounter some very interesting opinion on\nsocial media, much of the time the opinions expressed are ill informed&#8221; (Interview).\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As\npublic discourse has largely moved from the physical meeting place of the Forum\nto the disembodied, and often anonymous, platforms of social media, civil\ndebate appears to be on the wane while slander, misinformation and outright\nlies seem to proliferate. Perhaps Lepage is right when he says, &#8220;the shape\nand form [freedom of expression] has now taken makes Coriolanus sound prophetic&#8221;\n(Interview). While that may sound like a dire warning, perhaps it&#8217;s one we need\nto heed as our lives become more mediated through the platforms on which we\nengage with our communities and others in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus,\nif we follow Lepage&#8217;s example, consciously using media in the theatre to\ncritique our very relationships to those media, we may discover that the\ntheatrical event in which we participate as a form of community becomes a forum\nin which to actually consider the ramifications of our political ideals, alliances\nand social values in the twenty-first century. Perhaps, then, the possibility\nand hope of connection that social media has held out can come closer to being\nrealized, and the trash fire in which actual humans struggle to survive and\nthrive, although it may not be extinguished, might at least not continue to be\nso inflamed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"endnote\"><strong>Endnote<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"end1\" href=\"#back1\"><sup>[i]<\/sup><\/a>Ralph Fiennes\u2019\n2011 film version of the play and Tom Hiddleston&#8217;s 2013 portrayal of the title character in the Donmar Warehouse production are two of the more recent examples of interest in this text.<a name=\"end\">&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bibliography\"><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent wp-block-paragraph\">Carver, Terrell. \u201cShakespeare\u2019s <em>Coriolanus<\/em> (1608) and\nMarx\u2019s <em>The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte<\/em> (1852): The\nConstitutional Is the Personal.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Shakespeare<\/em>, vol. 14, no. 2,\nRoutledge, Apr. 2018, pp. 174\u201380, doi:10.1080\/17450918.2018.1455738.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent wp-block-paragraph\">Chatzichristodoulou,\nMaria. \u201cIntroduction to Encountering the Digital in Performance: Deployment |\nEngagement | Trace.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Contemporary Theatre Review<\/em>, vol. 27, no. 3,\nRoutledge, July 2017, pp. 311\u201323, doi:10.1080\/10486801.2017.1343248. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent wp-block-paragraph\">Fricker, Karen. &#8220;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Shakespeare's Coriolanus Brought to the Present at Stratford (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thestar.com\/entertainment\/stage\/review\/2018\/06\/24\/shakespeares-coriolanus-brought-to-the-present-at-stratford.html\" target=\"_blank\">Shakespeare&#8217;s Coriolanus Brought to the Present at Stratford<\/a>.&#8221; <em>The Star<\/em>, 24 June 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent wp-block-paragraph\">Lepage, Robert. &#8220;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Director Robert Lepage in Conversation with Literary and Editorial Director David Prosser (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/cdscloud.stratfordfestival.ca\/uploadedFiles\/Whats_On\/Plays_and_Events\/Plays\/2018\/The-Tempest(1)\/About_The_Play\/COR_0146_-_2018_Accessibility_House_Program_FINAL-s_713855.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Director Robert Lepage in Conversation with Literary and Editorial Director David Prosser<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Stratford Festival<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent wp-block-paragraph\">Nancy, Jean-Luc. <em>The Inoperative Community<\/em>. U of Minnesota\nP, 1991. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent wp-block-paragraph\">Raspa, Richard. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/710863\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Place in Shakespeare\u2019s&nbsp;Coriolanus: The Intersection of Geography, Culture, and Identity (opens in a new tab)\">Place in Shakespeare\u2019s&nbsp;<em>Coriolanus<\/em>: The Intersection of Geography, Culture, and Identity<\/a>.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Mediterranean Studies<\/em>, vol. 26, no. 2, 2018, pp. 213\u201328, <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/710863\">muse.jhu.edu\/article\/710863<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hangingIndent wp-block-paragraph\">Shakespeare, William. <em>Coriolanus<\/em>. Eds. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. Folger\nShakespeare Library. 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-thumbnail is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image3-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-73\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image3-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image3-1.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"end\" href=\"#back\">*<\/a><strong>Janne Cleveland<\/strong>, PhD, is the Co-ordinator of Drama Studies housed in the Department of English at Carleton University. She teaches performance theory, play analysis and theatre semiotics. She is active in the Ottawa theatre community, sitting on the board of Horseshoes and Hand Grenades Theatre Company, and the Prix Rideau Awards. As well, Janne has been a jury member with the Ottawa Fringe Festival and the Rideau Awards. Her research examines the political landscapes of contemporary performance in Canada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Copyright <strong>\u00a9<\/strong> 2020 Janne Cleveland<br><em>Critical Stages\/Sc\u00e8nes critiques<\/em> e-ISSN: 2409-7411<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/88x31.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons Attribution International License\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">This work is licensed under the<br>Creative Commons Attribution International License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":72,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[5],"tags":[11],"class_list":["post-70","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essays","tag-essay-front"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image2-1.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":182,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/paradigm-shift-making-theatre-with-social-media-in-the-21st-century\/","url_meta":{"origin":70,"position":0},"title":"Paradigm Shift: Making Theatre with Social Media","author":"Janne Cleveland","date":"May 4, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Danielle Le Saux-Farmer* Abstract In The Society of the Spectacle, first published in French in 1967, Guy Debord has a sense that \"the show is not a collection of images, but a social rapport between people, mediatized by images.\" While his observations certainly ring true in the internet age, it\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/category\/essays\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/04\/image4-1.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/04\/image4-1.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/04\/image4-1.jpeg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/04\/image4-1.jpeg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":252,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/its-everyday-bro-youtube-authenticity-and-the-psychopathology-of-late-capitalism\/","url_meta":{"origin":70,"position":1},"title":"&#8220;It&#8217;s Everyday, Bro&#8221;: YouTube, \u201cAuthenticity,\u201d and the Psychopathology of Late Capitalism","author":"Janne Cleveland","date":"May 3, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Chris Eaket* Abstract Within Theatre and Performance Studies, terms like \u201cliveness\u201d or \u201c(co-)presence\u201d are keywords that encapsulate entire debates within the discipline that have played out over time; negotiations of meaning enacted through academic, performative usage. I want to examine the medium of YouTube (2005+) and, more specifically, Shane Dawson\u2019s\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/category\/essays\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/04\/image6.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/04\/image6.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/04\/image6.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/04\/image6.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":414,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/england-april-is-the-cruellest-month\/","url_meta":{"origin":70,"position":2},"title":"ENGLAND: March and April were the Cruellest Months","author":"Janne Cleveland","date":"May 15, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"John Causebrook* and John Elsom** March and April were the cruellest months. The West End was closed. Shaftesbury Avenue and Piccadilly were eerily quiet and those who want a good night out were solemnly warned by the government to stay at home. We did not know \u2013 and nobody still\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Covid&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Covid","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/category\/covid\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/05\/flag-uk-400.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":515,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/latvia-all-the-worlds-a-screen\/","url_meta":{"origin":70,"position":3},"title":"LATVIA: All the World\u2019s a Screen","author":"Janne Cleveland","date":"May 11, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Lauma Mell\u0113na-Bartkevi\u010da* The year 2020 is probably the strangest year in the world of the performing arts in our (young) century. The Covid-19 pandemic and the related social distancing requirements closed all theatres and forced everyone to move to digital platforms. Unlike many other countries in Europe, Latvia did not\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Covid&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Covid","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/category\/covid\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/05\/flag-lat-400.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":407,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/canada\/","url_meta":{"origin":70,"position":4},"title":"CANADA: Working through the Cracks","author":"Janne Cleveland","date":"May 16, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Carly Maga* The effects of social distancing in the coronavirus pandemic hit Canadian theatres hard\u2014slowly, it felt, at first, then all at once. In Toronto, runs were cut short mid-March, but April productions still seemed possible. By the next week, theatres had mostly cancelled the rest of the 2019\/2020 season,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Covid&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Covid","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/category\/covid\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/05\/flag-canada-400.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":59,"url":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/art-world-authenticities-postmodern-curators-creators-and-performers\/","url_meta":{"origin":70,"position":5},"title":"Art World Authenticities:  Postmodern Curators, Creators and Performers","author":"Janne Cleveland","date":"April 26, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Dena Davida* Abstract As global art worlds e\/merge and artists circulate with increasing intensity, discussions around authenticity are spinning new and compelling narratives. While moving among gatherings of live arts curators and in daily conversations with creative artists in North America and Europe the concept frequently resurfaces, often with urgency\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/category\/essays\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image4.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image4.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image4.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/03\/image4.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=70"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1196,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70\/revisions\/1196"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/72"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=70"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/21\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}