{"id":883,"date":"2018-11-29T20:30:24","date_gmt":"2018-11-29T20:30:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/?p=883"},"modified":"2023-03-19T10:14:52","modified_gmt":"2023-03-19T10:14:52","slug":"the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/","title":{"rendered":"The Interpretation and Misinterpretation of the <em>Verfremdungs<\/em> effect on the Modern <em>Xiqu<\/em> Stage"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Lin Chen<\/strong><a href=\"#end\" name=\"back\">*<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><em>Abstract<\/em><\/strong>: Criticizing the \u201cculinary theatre\u201d<a href=\"#end1\" name=\"back1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> of his age, Brecht elaborated on the epic theatre and the <em>Verfremdungseffect <\/em>(<em>V-effect<\/em>), and constructively interpreted\/misinterpreted Mei Lanfang&#8217;s <em>jingju<\/em> performance to back up his idea. Since the 1980s, <em>xiqu<\/em><a href=\"#end2\" name=\"back2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> performances that interweave different performance cultures have flourished on the Chinese stage. Productions in this vein include: <em>kunqu Macbeth<\/em> (1984), <em>bangzi Medea <\/em>(1993), <em>yueju Hedda Gabler<\/em> (2006) and <em>jingju Metamorphosis <\/em>(2013). The <em>yueju<\/em> performance <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan <\/em>adapts not only the dramatic text of Brecht&#8217;s <em>The Good Woman of Szechwan<\/em>, but also endeavors to practice the <em>V-effect<\/em> with the materiality of the performance. This attempt distinctly transgresses the common \u201cwestern story, eastern body\u201d mode. This paper, firstly, elaborates upon the practice of the <em>V-effect,<\/em> especially the method based upon the traditional <em>xiqu<\/em> role system, within <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan<\/em>. The <em>V-effect<\/em> requires making the action strange, alien, remote or separate, and, consequently, inspires the audience to think. Yet, <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan<\/em>\u2019s adaptation of the \u201cstory\u201d together with the \u201cbody\u201d ensured no critic of the culinary theatre. In the context of modern China, as the \u201cworld&#8217;s factory,\u201d and the major social issue of migrant workers, it is surprising that this production gave rise to little discussion of this subject. Instead, the hot topics of debate turned out to be its perceived lack of authenticity and its relationship to the global intercultural tendency. This paper endeavors to explore the reason for this debate, based upon critical analysis of the production. Furthermore, the profound reasons for the traditional cultural upsurge and the authentic discourse of <em>xiqu<\/em> will also be considered.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Keywords<\/em><\/strong><em>: Brecht, <\/em>V-effect<em>, Chinese theatre, <\/em>xiqu<em> performance<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h6>Video<\/h6>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 12px;\" align=\"center\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/58rxIb4Mf7k?rel=0\" width=\"700\" height=\"393\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><br \/>\nA video record of the performance<\/div>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part I:<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Recycling the <em>V-effect <\/em>with a Cross-role (and Failing)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"884\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/1-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/1.png?fit=700%2C410&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,410\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/1.png?fit=700%2C410&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-884 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/1.png?resize=700%2C410&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/1.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/1.png?resize=300%2C176&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>January 4, 2013. The \u201cnew concept <em>Yueju<\/em> opera,\u201d <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan <\/em>premiered at the new National Center for the Performing Arts, in Beijing, formerly known as the National Grand Theater, starring the renowned <em>Yueju<\/em> opera actresses Mao Wei-tao and Chen Hui-ling. In the same year, the production toured in many cities in China, including Chong Qing and Cheng Du, the former and present capital of the Sichuan\/ Szechwan province. On February 15, 2014, the production was invited to take part in the 2014 Huayi Chinese Festival of Arts, and was staged in the Esplanade Theatres on the Bay, in Singapore. An old friend and fan of Mao Wei-tao, the sixty six-year old Huang Shu-qin, was so excited that he stood up and shouted loudly, \u201cMao-mao, I love you!\u201d during the curtain calls. This was the first time Huang had seen Mao Wei-tao performing a female role, and in a female dress, on the stage. There is a good reason for this; namely, the director Guo Xiao-nan, who is also husband of Mao Wei-tao, has tried to practice a <em>Verfremdungseffect<\/em> with a cross-roles skill on the <em>Yueju<\/em> stage.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_899\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-899\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"899\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/meilan\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/MeiLan.png?fit=300%2C317&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,317\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"MeiLan\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Mei Lan-fand (1894-1961). Photo: Public domain (web)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/MeiLan.png?fit=300%2C317&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-899\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/MeiLan.png?resize=300%2C317&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/MeiLan.png?w=300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/MeiLan.png?resize=284%2C300&amp;ssl=1 284w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-899\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mei Lan-fang (1894-1961). Photo: Public domain (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mei_Lanfang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">web<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>To explain and analyze Guo Xiao-nan\u2019s cross-roles skill we have to refer to a historical event, in 1935. Brecht saw <em>Jingju<\/em> master Mei Lan-fang\u2019s performance in Moscow. This inspired him to develop the <em>Verfremdungseffect<\/em> further. According to reliable records, Mei Lan-fang officially performed seven times in Moscow and eight times in Leningrad. Mei Lan-fang was accompanied by celebrities, such as Stanislavski, Eisenstein and Meyerhold, during his visit to Moscow, in the spring of 1935. Brecht was also present on many occasions in which Mei made impromptu performances of different female roles and demonstrated his dance skills. \u201cIn a man\u2019s dinner jacket and without special lighting, Mei appeared to show, rather than conceal, his own demonstrational skills, not to \u2018become\u2019 his female character, but rather to \u2018quote\u2019 her\u201d (Mumford 2009: 61).<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"885\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/2-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/2.png?fit=700%2C364&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,364\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/2.png?fit=700%2C364&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-885 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/2.png?resize=700%2C364&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"364\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/2.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/2.png?resize=300%2C156&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Martin argues that Brecht never realized that, in <em>jingju,<\/em> the actor actually maintains an interior process of empathizing with his character (Martin 2000: 229), because Brecht seemed obsessed by the idea that there is a split between actor and character. Such a split supported Brecht\u2019s vision of the <em>Verfremdungseffect<\/em>. Brecht constructively misread the performance of Mei Lan-fang, while also getting the point. That is to say, Brecht is correct: a split does exist between the actors and characters in Chinese traditional theater, namely, Chinese <em>xiqu<\/em>. Between the actor and the character, the role exists.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"886\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/3-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/3.png?fit=700%2C392&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,392\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/3.png?fit=700%2C392&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-886 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/3.png?resize=700%2C392&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/3.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/3.png?resize=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>There are four main roles in <em>jingju<\/em><a href=\"#end3\" name=\"back3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>: the male role, the female role, the painted role and the clown. Under each main role there are several sub-roles. In the early years of training, the actors and actressesare first trained with basic singing and movement skills, which are shared by the four roles. Gradually, according to the traits of each, the performersare assigned different roles and begin their career on the <em>xiqu <\/em>stage.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"887\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/4-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/4.png?fit=700%2C401&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,401\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"4\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/4.png?fit=700%2C401&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-887 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/4.png?resize=700%2C401&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/4.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/4.png?resize=300%2C172&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In tradition, it is encouraged to learn more sub-roles, yet to cross the roles is forbidden, no matter whether it is a female role or a male role, because different roles need different systems of singing skills, body gestures, facial expressions, articulation place, articulation method, and so on. To achieve the virtuosity of each role is a lifelong vocation. To learn a role is to master the systems of skills and hard training, and it is not necessarily linked with natural gender at all. Therefore, the disturbance and pain caused by the chaos in gender identification of oneself, as shown in the internationally acclaimed, multiple award-winning film, <em>Farewell My Concubine <\/em>(starring Leslie Cheung and directed by Chen Kai-ge), hardly happened in the reality. Before a <em>Xiqu <\/em>performer empathizes with the characters, there is the systematic training that goes into a role. Examples are everywhere. Male <em>jingju<\/em> masters Mei Lan-fang, Cheng Yan-qiu, Shang Xiao-yun, Xun Hui-sheng are most beloved and renowned female role category performers, and they lived a normal life with their own wives and children.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"889\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/attachment\/6\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/6.png?fit=700%2C395&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,395\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"6\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/6.png?fit=700%2C395&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/6.png?resize=700%2C395&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/6.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/6.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Another example is the <em>yueju<\/em> opera. Since 1930, the <em>yueju<\/em> opera has featured actresses in all roles. However, we can see in the history that, before the 1930s, when <em>yueju<\/em> came to Shanghai and gained an audience there, all the roles were played by male performers. It is the role training system, between the performer and the character, what guarantees the art\u2019s lineage.<\/p>\n<p>Mao Wei-tao trained as a male role performer for more than thirty years and her playing Shen Te was her first time playing a female character on the stage. The same is true of Chen Hui-ling, the actress who played Yang Sun. Apparently, this cross-role skill not only works on the audience, who are eager to see the cross-role actresses, but also on the performers themselves. In an interview, Mao Wei-tao said that, to play Shen Te, she had to learn how to walk on the stage again, like a beginner. It seems that this cross-role skillmight even help the actors to obtain the type of questioning attitude (towards the actions and remarks of characters) that brings about a \u201cnot-but\u201d moment (Mumford 2009: 67). Along with this cross-role skill, the production also appropriated several other techniques to achieve the <em>V-effect<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"888\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/attachment\/5\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/5.png?fit=700%2C396&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,396\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/5.png?fit=700%2C396&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-888 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/5.png?resize=700%2C396&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/5.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/5.png?resize=300%2C170&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The director named <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan <\/em>as new concept <em>yueju<\/em>, which indicates a challenge for the audience who ardently love the traditional forms. The actresses no longer wear the traditional <em>yueju<\/em> costumes, wearing suits and the cheongsam instead. Many spoken parts are no longer lyrics with rhythm, but everyday vernacular. In several episodes, the body gestures on the stage are also modernized, including the actresses performing modern dance and jazz routines. The changes outlined above are partly due to the desire to innovate, be intercultural and attract more young people into the traditional <em>Xiqu<\/em> theatre. Partly, they also served the <em>V-effect<\/em>. Elements employed to create the <em>V-effect<\/em> included: two stagehands coming on-stage with searchlights occasionally, and performers addressing the audience directly several times.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"891\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/attachment\/9\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/9.png?fit=700%2C417&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,417\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"9\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/9.png?fit=700%2C417&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-891 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/9.png?resize=700%2C417&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/9.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/9.png?resize=300%2C179&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The production toured in big cities in China, achieved huge commercial success, many local media wrote reports and interviews about the production, andabout the reactions of the audience, and several research articles were composed emphasizing the link between Brecht and the production. Yet, to my surprise, despite all the <em>V-effect<\/em> endeavors, in the \u201cWorld Factory\u201d China, against the context of the flourishing NGO and workers\u2019 movements in the dramatically changing and developing China, the reports, interviews and research articles paid no attention to the reality at all, included no discussion about the dilemma of trying to be a good person, and ignored all of Brecht\u2019s philosophical reflections on the human condition. The audience either devoted themselves to criticizing the performance as non-authentic <em>Yueju<\/em> opera or defended it as following the intercultural, modernizing tendency. The recycling of the <em>V-effect<\/em> failed entirely, although I would not go as far as to say, \u201c(u)nfortunately, many of these devices have become hollow clich\u00e9s in commercial theatres, where they are invariably disconnected from Brecht\u2019s socialist project and reduced to a marketable style\u201d (Mumford 2009: 66). What on earth was wrong with the performance? The failure of recycling the <em>V-effects<\/em> must have profound reasons.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"892\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/attachment\/10\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/10.png?fit=700%2C406&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,406\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"10\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/10.png?fit=700%2C406&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-892 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/10.png?resize=700%2C406&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/10.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/10.png?resize=300%2C174&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part II:<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>The Tension between Brecht and <em>Xiqu<\/em><\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>From my perspective, the performance <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan<\/em> is \u201cculinary theatre,\u201d entertaining and commercially successful, but nothing more than this. If one pays attention to the text of <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan<\/em>, as delivered in the feminine style of singing and performing, you would find it almost dialectical, even interrogative, prompting such questions as: \u201cis there any other way to help the poor?\u201d; \u201cthe indolent poor are working hard now in the factories, isn\u2019t that strange?\u201d; \u201cwhy is it so hard to be a good man?\u201d; \u201cis it good to insist on justice in the daily life, or maybe it is better to be unjust?\u201d; and \u201cif we do not change the world, how can all mortal beings be saved?\u201d But, in the performance, the text is presented in a manner that is powerless and pale. According to a report, the sentence, \u201cif we do not change the world, how could all mortal beings be saved?\u201d was added by the academic adviser Ding Yang-zhong, the Germanic scholar.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"893\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/attachment\/11\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/11.png?fit=700%2C398&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,398\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"11\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/11.png?fit=700%2C398&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-893 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/11.png?resize=700%2C398&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/11.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/11.png?resize=300%2C171&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Ding is a renowned expert of Brecht in China. In 1979, the staging of <em>The Life of Galileo<\/em> achieved huge success in encouraging the audience to reflect on the theme of the true hero. The thematic tension between pursuing truth and being a mortal human led to extensive discussions among the audience. Nevertheless, Ding still suggested that the production could have been more dialectical. Yet, almost forty years later, as the academic adviser, Ding was silent. According to the report, Ding explained to the director and the actresses that Brecht would go straight to the heart of the matter. Sill, it is obvious that he could do nothing more to change the style of the production than merely add the sentence above. Why? Why do such powerful interrogations lead to no reflection of the reality? Why did audience members, such as Huang Shu-qin, perceive the production as merely beautiful and charming? These questions are closely related to the failure of the recycling the <em>V-effect<\/em> in the production.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"894\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/attachment\/12\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/12.png?fit=700%2C397&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,397\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"12\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/12.png?fit=700%2C397&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-894 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/12.png?resize=700%2C397&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/12.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/12.png?resize=300%2C170&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In the production, Mao Wei-tao performs Shen Te as a singer, instead of a prostitute. Dressed in beautiful silk costumes, calmly smoking, confident, bright, she transcends her character\u2019s socio-economic archetype. She is not the prostitute Shen Te, who struggles to make ends meet, and who has nothing else to sell but her own body. Not to mention Shi Fu, the unsympathetic barber, who is represented, in this production, as a nice-looking lover, always ready to sacrifice himself for Shen Te. Brecht\u2019s tale is transformed into a common love story with no connection to class struggle. All these beautiful changes weaken the power of the interrogation that is addressed to the audience.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"895\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/attachment\/13\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/13.png?fit=700%2C403&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,403\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"13\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/13.png?fit=700%2C403&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-895 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/13.png?resize=700%2C403&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/13.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/13.png?resize=300%2C173&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>This production of <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan <\/em>does not reflect Brecht\u2019s concept of <em>Gestus<\/em>; it does no present artistically the socio-economic and ideological construction of human behavior and relations. It is neither historical nor dialectical, the performance ismerely \u201cbeautiful.\u201d <em>Yueju<\/em> must be beautiful, the actresses must be beautiful, and this is precisely what seems to be practiced in this production, in line with the prescriptive nature of <em>yueju<\/em>\u2014even though the show is declared to be \u201cnew concept <em>yueju<\/em>.\u201d The tension between the dramatic text and the form of this production is obvious. Performance is the art of body, space, energy and so on; text is only one of the elements that create an effect. As the text is suppressed by the dominating materiality, the interrogative aspect of the play is naturally neglected by the audience. Is <em>yueju<\/em>\u2019s adherence to the aesthetic form the only reason for this? I would argue that there are profound reasons for the production\u2019s neglect of Brecht\u2019s dramatic intentions, one of which is the hidden, intense tension between Chinese <em>xiqu<\/em> and Brecht\u2019s political aesthetics.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"896\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/attachment\/14\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/14.png?fit=700%2C405&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,405\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"14\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/14.png?fit=700%2C405&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-896 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/14.png?resize=700%2C405&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/14.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/14.png?resize=300%2C174&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In 1989, at an international Brecht symposium held by the Goethe Institute in Singapore, Yu Qiu-yu pointed out that Brecht\u2019s approval of Chinese <em>xiqu<\/em> is basically the approval of <em>xiqu<\/em>\u2019s fictitiousness in performance; of its form, not of the main spirit of Chinese <em>xiqu<\/em>. In other words, <em>xiqu<\/em> is a precious and complicated performance art, but its inner ethical structure is clear and simple. The painted face is the first recognizable signal of the character. It enables the audience to tell at first glance whether the character is good or bad, kind or evil, loyal or treacherous. This relates not only to the form of Chinese <em>xiqu<\/em>; rather, it marks its spirit. Chinese <em>xiqu <\/em>is against uncertainty. It is not dialectal, nor does it reflect <em>Gestus <\/em>in the Brechtian sense. To appropriate the entire form of traditional <em>xiqu <\/em>means to accept the inner ethical structure. In this sense, <em>xiqu <\/em>is not open to a \u201cwestern spirit, eastern body\u201d dialectic.<\/p>\n<p>The tension between traditional <em>xiqu<\/em> and Brecht is one of the profound reasons why <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan<\/em> failed to practice the <em>V-effect<\/em>. <em>The Life of Galileo<\/em> is an experimental spoken drama, with some short <em>xiqu<\/em> episodes to achieve the <em>V-effect<\/em>, and this is different from the appropriation of a traditional <em>xiqu<\/em> form. <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan<\/em>\u2019s recycling of Brecht is merely \u201cculinary theatre\u201d and entertaining.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"897\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/attachment\/15\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/15.png?fit=700%2C413&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,413\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"15\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/15.png?fit=700%2C413&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-897 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/15.png?resize=700%2C413&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/15.png?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/15.png?resize=300%2C177&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part III: Epilogue<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Brecht\u2019s approach to theory, such as the <em>V-effect<\/em>, was guided by one of Marx\u2019s early theses from 1845: \u201dThe philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is, to change it\u201d (Marx 1977: 158). \u201cThe material practice of observing and contemplating should be integrated with the practice of revolutionary political action,\u201d Mumford explains while discussing Brecht. \u201cThrough that integration, theory itself will be transformed by social reality\u201d (2009: 51). <em>V-effect<\/em> is more than a technique. <em>Verfremdung<\/em> is a political intervention into the (blindingly) familiar, and seeks to urge people to think and to change the world. From my point of view, this is the true recycling of Brecht.<\/p>\n<p>Since the 1980s, Chinese <em>Xiqu<\/em> performances that interweave with different performance cultures have flourished on the stage, in such productions as the <em>kunqu<\/em> opera <em>Macbeth<\/em> (1984), the <em>bangzi<\/em> opera <em>Medea<\/em> (1993), and the <em>yueju<\/em> opera <em>Hedda Gabler<\/em> (2011). As Fischer-Lichte demonstrated, since ancient times, theatre has borrowed different elements from other performance cultures to revitalize itself (2014: 1-17).<\/p>\n<p>To sum up, only pursuing the <em>V-effect <\/em>on the level of technique s problematic. If we use Brecht\u2019s metaphor to examine the <em>yueju<\/em> opera <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan<\/em>, we would ask: did the spectator have a revolutionary, life-altering meal? Could a di\ufb00erent mixture of ingredients change the culinary habits of a lifetime? In 2016, four years after her monograph <em>The Thirty Years of Chinese Small-scale Theatre Movement<\/em>, Tao Qing-mei lamented that, whereas there is more and more financial support from the government, more and more international as well as domestic theatre festivals, the theatre itself seems to be in a dormant state. One example is the <em>The Good Person of Jiangnan<\/em>. And this is not only because of the tension demonstrated above, but also due to political and institutional reasons in a country lacking judicial independence and freedom of speech.<\/p>\n<p>However, as a researcher, as well as a non-commercial director, performer and <em>kunqu<\/em> singer, I still hold the view that there are many possibilities and huge space to recycle Brecht together with <em>yueju<\/em> and, indeed, other Chinese <em>xiqu<\/em> forms that are also waiting to be recycled. As I explained above, the materiality of performance is not the text, but the form: the body, the energy and the space. Only in practice might we find a solution to the tension between Brecht and traditional <em>xiqu<\/em>. When and how the <em>Yueju<\/em> opera might transgress the \u201cbrilliant scholar, beautiful lady\u201d mode and take its place in the social transformation, as Brecht expected of the <em>V-effect<\/em>, remains a big question.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h5><strong>Endnotes<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p style=\"font-size: 13px\">\n<a href=\"#back1\" name=\"end1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cThe artist, like the worker, must consider his position in the production process. If he simply unthinkingly accepts the production methods of the past (such as early nineteenth-century realism), even his most \u2018proletarian\u2019 creations will tend to be assimilated on traditional terms, simply as entertainment\u2014what Brecht called \u2018culinary\u2019 theatre,\u201d Carlson writes (1993: 391).<br \/>\n<a href=\"#back2\" name=\"end2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> Balme notes that the European theatre tradition is characterized by a high degree of differentiation and specialization (2014, 4). In contrast, <em>xiqu<\/em>, that is, Chinese traditional theatre, is characterized by its high level of synthesis. Therefore, it would be improper to translate Chinese <em>xiqu <\/em>as opera. But, in order to make it more accessible to international readers, this article sometimes follows the popular translation, for instance, translating <em>jingju<\/em> as Peiking opera, <em>yueju<\/em> as Shaoxing opera.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#back3\" name=\"end3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>The four role categories are shared by other mature forms of Chinese <em>xiqu<\/em>. In undeveloped forms of <em>xiqu<\/em>, there might be only two main role categories, namely the male role and the female role.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h5><strong>Works Cited<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Balme, Christopher<em>. Einf\u00fchrung in die Theaterwissenschaft<\/em>. Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH &amp; Co, 2014.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Carlson, Marvin A. <em>Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey, from the Greeks to the Present<\/em>. Cornell University Press, 1993.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Fischer-Lichte, Erika. &#8220;Introduction: Interweaving Performance Cultures\u2014 Rethinking \u2018Intercultural Theatre\u2019: Toward an Experience and Theory of Performance beyond Postcolonialism.&#8221; <em>The Politics of Interweaving Performance Cultures: Beyond Postcolonialism. <\/em>Ed. Erika Fischer-Licht et al. Routledge, 2014.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Marx, Karl. <em>Capital: A Critique of Political Economy<\/em>. Vintage Books, 1977.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Mumford, Meg<em>. Bertolt Brecht (Routledge Performance Practitioners)<\/em>, London: Routledge, 2009.<a name=\"end\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>Postscriptum<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This article is a phased achievement of&nbsp;the 2018 National Social Science Fund Art Major Project&nbsp;&#8220;Research on the Frontier Issues of Contemporary European and American Theatre Theory&#8221; 18ZD06.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"898\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-interpretation-and-misinterpretation-of-the-verfremdungseffect-on-the-modern-xiqu-stage\/lin\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/Lin.png?fit=150%2C259&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"150,259\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Lin\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/Lin.png?fit=150%2C259&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-898\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/12\/Lin.png?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#back\" name=\"end\">*<\/a><strong>Chen Lin<\/strong> has a PhD from the International Research Centre \u201cInterweaving Performance Cultures,\u201d Freie Universit\u00e4t&nbsp;Berlin. Her research interests include the aesthetics of the performative, experimental <em>xiqu<\/em> performances that interweave different performance cultures, educational theatre and cultural studies, most of which are involved in the investigation of the intricate relationship between contemporary European and Chinese performative arts. She has published many articles and presented her research results at several significant national and international conferences.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 14px;\">Copyright <strong>\u00a9<\/strong> 2018 Chen Lin<br \/>\n<em>Critical Stages\/Sc\u00e8nes critiques<\/em> e-ISSN: 2409-7411<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/88x31.png?resize=88%2C31&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"88\" height=\"31\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 14px;\">This work is licensed under the<br \/>\nCreative Commons Attribution International License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lin Chen* Abstract: Criticizing the \u201cculinary theatre\u201d[1] of his age, Brecht elaborated on the epic theatre and the Verfremdungseffect (V-effect), and constructively interpreted\/misinterpreted Mei Lanfang&#8217;s jingju performance to back up his idea. Since the 1980s, xiqu[2] performances that interweave different<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":971,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[21],"tags":[55],"class_list":["post-883","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chinese-theatre","tag-by-chen-lin","","tg-column-two"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/11\/Lin_featured-e1546765524466.jpg?fit=300%2C201&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pam472-ef","jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/883","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=883"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/883\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1746,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/883\/revisions\/1746"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/971"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=883"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=883"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=883"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}