{"id":1219,"date":"2019-01-04T16:15:38","date_gmt":"2019-01-04T16:15:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/?p=1219"},"modified":"2022-02-06T20:45:28","modified_gmt":"2022-02-06T20:45:28","slug":"the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1\/","title":{"rendered":"The Confessions of a Failed Educator"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Yun-Cheol Kim<\/strong><a href=\"#end\" name=\"back\">*<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Abstract: <\/strong>The School of Drama of the Korean National University of the Arts was established in 1994. The apparent success of its educational program is very misleading. Its invisible but major failure does not come from students, but from us teachers, who are so tired that we do not challenge ourselves with creative ideas of new pedagogy; we return to an archaic authoritarianism to enjoy the luxury of unconfessed laziness. If teachers are confined to their own small field, the only solution, for the sake of students, who are\u2014and will be\u2014living under the multi-disciplinary arts that deny borders between genres, is to develop and facilitate team teaching, literal collective teaching. What this paper argues is the need to (re)design our educational programs from the students&#8217; perspectives. To do so, we must first try our best to transcend our own ego. And I confess that I have not done enough to this direction in my long career as theatre teacher. And that is painful.<\/p><p><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: Theatre program, motivating students, acting methods, teaching methods, pedagogy<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>When I joined the advisory committee to establish the School\nof Drama at the Korean National University of the Arts in 1993, I had a dream:\nI wanted to realize the ideal theatre education. At that time, there were only\nseven schools that had programs for theatre education in the whole country, but\nthose schools were under the auspices of the Ministry of Education. Just as in\nmany other countries, this Ministry was, and still is, the most bureaucratic\nand unimaginative part of the government, and it supervised the education for\nthe theatre only as a liberal art. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"318\" height=\"348\" data-attachment-id=\"1228\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1\/drama_c01\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/drama_c01.jpg?fit=318%2C348&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"318,348\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"drama_c01\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Under the premise of &amp;#8220;drama as starting point and completion of all kinds of performing arts&amp;#8221; beyond the conventional notion, the School aims at nurturing students as &amp;#8220;Creators,\u201d future leaders who pioneer Korean and world theatrical art. From the Department\u2019s webpage&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/drama_c01.jpg?fit=318%2C348&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/drama_c01.jpg?resize=318%2C348&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1228\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/drama_c01.jpg?w=318&amp;ssl=1 318w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/drama_c01.jpg?resize=274%2C300&amp;ssl=1 274w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\" \/><figcaption>Under the premise of &#8220;drama as starting point and completion of all kinds of performing arts&#8221; beyond the conventional notion, the School aims at nurturing students as &#8220;Creators,\u201d future leaders who pioneer Korean and world theatrical art. From the Department\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/eng.karts.ac.kr:8090\/?MID=curriculumDrama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"webpage (opens in a new tab)\">webpage<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Most of the students wanted to be trained as practitioners.\nThey were would-be professionals in acting, directing, scenic design and\nplaywriting. But they had so many compulsory classes\u2014that had nothing to do\nwith theatre practice\u2014that they had no time for professional training. Many graduates\nof these early theatre schools dominated the Korean theatre scene\u2014and TV dramas\nand film, too\u2014but they learned their skills as actors, directors, scenic designers\nand dramatists through their own practical experience, not through any systematic\neducation or institutional training. In this context, there was a strong call\nfor a conservatory-like School for the dramatic arts. As a result, the then-government\ndecided to create the School of Drama at the Korean National University of the\nArts, and to move it from the Department of Education to the Ministry of Culture.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"1\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The advisory committee comprised four professionals from\ndifferent backgrounds: an actress, a scenic designer, a dramatic theorist and\nan academic theatre critic, which was me. We met every week for a year to\ndiscuss and design the basic educational direction of this new School of Drama,\nincluding the structure of the departments, the number of students and\nprofessors, the curriculum and process for selecting the students, the design\nof the teaching spaces, the facilities and equipment, on and on. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We reached agreements on the following four guidelines for\ntheatre education:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The School of Drama will,\nfirst and foremost, focus its education on raising the students\u2019 consciousness\nof their Koreanness through theatre production, while not ignoring the\nconventional Western systems of training and education.<\/li><li>The School will offer as\nmany theatre-related humanities classes as possible, to help students cultivate\nan artistic philosophy, social consciousness and aesthetic sensitivity. <\/li><li>There will be the five\ndepartments of Acting, Directing, Playwriting, Scenography and Theatre Studies,\nbut courses in each department should be open to all the other majors. <\/li><li>Very importantly, the School\nwill select eighty-five students yearly through a series of three examinations:\nthe first exam will evaluate their high school academic performance (10%) and\ntest their practical ability (90%); the second exam will measure their practical\nability, and the last exam will be only an interview. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>At the time, this kind of process for selecting students was quite\nrevolutionary; it had never been seen in the history of Korean education at the\nuniversity level. It took three long weeks to go through all three steps of the\nprocess. All the other universities had just a one-day examination on several\nsubjects, just to check the applicants&#8217; academic performance, plus one audition\nfor theatre students. For three weeks, in December 1993, the School&#8217;s first\nentrance examination took place. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To my surprise, I discerned a particular socio-psychological\nphenomenon among the acting applicants. The vast majority of them chose their\naudition piece from a dramatic text that showed anger at social discrimination,\nat social systems and the older generation; they preferred tragedies or serious\ndrama to comedies. I still believe that the anger and frustration that\ndominated the audition pieces had much to do with social prejudices against the\ntheatre: the theatre was so discriminated against that, when parents found\ntheir children in pursuit of a theatrical career, they tried to dissuade them\nand, failing to do that, they cut off financial support for their children&#8217;s\neducation. As you may know, children&#8217;s education has long been the very first\npriority of parenting in Korea. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, Korean society has changed radically, and there are many\nparents who support their children&#8217;s theatrical career. But, at that time, as\nlate as the early nineties, there was still a strong social prejudice against the\ntheatre, and those who wanted to work in the theatre had to struggle with their\nparents and with society, and their struggle was reflected in their audition pieces.\nToday, I still see anger and frustration in my students, though, perhaps, they\ncome from different perspectives. The young people of Korea, like in any other\ncountry, are angry at \u201cthe establishment,\u201d with its rampant corruption, its\nincompetence at creating jobs and its helplessness in handling environmental\ndisasters. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, the School of Drama opened on March 1, 1994, with\nfifty-seven students and five professors, all recruited from other\nuniversities. From our low acceptance rate, we can see the high standards that\nwere demanded of the students: we had more than one thousand five hundred\napplicants, and we had spaces for eighty-five students\u2014but we only accepted fifty-seven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"243\" data-attachment-id=\"1221\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1\/image2-12\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image2.jpg?fit=350%2C243&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"350,243\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Image2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Four years of strict training aims to nurture students as imaginative and creative actors\/actresses with sophisticated acting skills. From the Department\u2019s webpage&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image2.jpg?fit=350%2C243&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image2.jpg?resize=350%2C243&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image2.jpg?w=350&amp;ssl=1 350w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image2.jpg?resize=300%2C208&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><figcaption>Four years of strict training aims to nurture students as imaginative and creative actors\/actresses with sophisticated acting skills. From the Department\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/eng.karts.ac.kr:8090\/?MID=curriculumDrama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"webpage (opens in a new tab)\">webpage<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This would have been unthinkable for other universities,\nbecause it would have posed financial difficulties. But, as a national institution,\nwe could stay faithful to our standards for acceptance without worrying about\nfinancial considerations. After twenty years, we now have twenty-four\nprofessors and three hundred or so students. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What we founding professors had in mind, at the beginning of\nthe School\u2019s history, was to realize some ideals we shared\u2014ideals that had long\nbeen impossible in the theatre education of universities in Korea. This is why\nmore than half of the students came either from other universities where they\nwere disappointed in the theatre program, or from schools where there was no\ntheatre program at all. Some students entered our School even after they had finished\na Master&#8217;s Program somewhere else. This is also why we five founding professors\njoined the School from other universities. Even though those other schools\noffered a much higher salary, we were not at all happy at all with the theatre\neducation there. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is how we started the School of\nDrama, one of the six schools of the Korean National University of the Arts. The\nSchool of Music, School of Dance, School of Film, School of Fine Art and School\nof Traditional Arts are the remaining five schools. We started with the high aim, on the one\nhand, of nurturing students to a high enough <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>level of skill that they could work\nprofessionally right after graduation, and, on the other hand, of motivating students to become people with perspective on the zeitgeist; creative\nartists who could read their society and, then, put that reading into a\nrelevant dramatic aesthetic that would be based upon national identity.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" data-attachment-id=\"1222\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1\/image3-12\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image3.jpg?fit=600%2C397&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,397\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Image3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Acting class at KNUA. Photo: Korean National University of the Arts&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image3.jpg?fit=600%2C397&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image3.jpg?resize=600%2C397&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image3.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image3.jpg?resize=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>Acting class at KNUA. Photo: Korean National University of the Arts<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Starting out this way, the School was a new experience for\nboth the students and the professors. The students were so motivated that the\nprofessors, myself included, were overwhelmed. The questions and comments that\ncame from the students were so challenging that, if we wanted to be ready and\nconfident about responding well, we had to prepare for classes much longer and\nmuch harder than we had at previous schools. Such student engagement was, and\nstill is, a very rare phenomenon in Korea, where university education is considered\na \u201cmust\u201d rather than an option, and the motivation of most of the students was,\nand still is, very low. Thus, in the beginning years of the School, we\nprofessors were happy to have such highly-motivated students. And, in return\nfor their enthusiasm, the professors tried their best to be less authoritarian\nand more open, and this was refreshing for, and appreciated by, the students. Ours\nis a Confucian society, in which seniority is understood to mean privilege, so\nthat this new dynamic with their professors was a very rare experience for the\nstudents. We professors offered the students enormous amounts of homework and other\nassignments every day, and they did their homework faithfully at school because\nthey didn&#8217;t have time to go home to do their homework there. This tradition of\nstudents doing their homework at school has prevailed until now, even though\nthe amount of work the students are assigned has gradually been reduced year by\nyear. We felt as if we were realizing those long-awaited educational ideals. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"396\" data-attachment-id=\"1223\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1\/image4-11\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image4.jpg?fit=600%2C396&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,396\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Image4\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Acting class at KNUA. Photo: Korean National University of the Arts&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image4.jpg?fit=600%2C396&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image4.jpg?resize=600%2C396&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image4.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image4.jpg?resize=300%2C198&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>Acting class at KNUA. Photo: Korean National University of the Arts<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"2\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>These ideals were reflected in the structure of the\ncurriculum. Educational priority was given to training students to express\ntheir souls and emotions through movement, language and style that were\nuniquely Korean. The four-year program emphasized the need to be aware of and to\nadopt the Korean identity, in both the traditional performing arts and the\ncontemporary cultural landscape. All courses on this track were compulsory;\ncourses such as Introduction to Traditional Performing Arts, Korean Rhythm and\nMovement, Korean Singing and Theatrical Absorption of Traditional Performing\nArts. Only three years later, in 1997, however, the curriculum was revised and\nmany compulsory classes became electives, in order to strengthen the educational\nexchange between departments. Only the course Theatrical Absorption of\nTraditional Performing Arts remained compulsory, to help students understand\nthe principles of the Korean performing arts and to offer ways to absorb that\nunderstanding into their work in a modern way. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1999, the curriculum was revised again, to accommodate the\nchanges in our times and the new trend of multi-disciplinary arts. This third\nrevision focused on strengthening the exchanges between departments as well as\nbetween schools; it also increased the humanities classes under the umbrella\ntitle of Culture and the Arts. As you might imagine, the emphasis on Koreanness\nin our program has been gradually weakened and replaced by globalized values\nand ideas. This shift in focus is well reflected in the selection of plays for\nthe School productions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The School began to produce plays in 1996, when the first\nstudents reached their junior year, with <em>A Puppet Play<\/em>, a then-student&#8217;s\nadaptation of a century-old traditional play. For the next couple of years, the\nSchool focused on producing Korean plays, traditional or experimental. But,\nsince the third revision of the curriculum, in 1999, School productions have\nbeen dominated by Western classics: Shakespeare, Euripides, Aristophanes,\nAeschylus, Machiavelli, Chekhov, Ibsen, Brecht, Genet, Annouih, Georg Buchner,\nSean O&#8217;Casey, Max Frisch, Samuel Beckett, Arthur Miller and many others. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Through these three revisions of the curriculum, we may have\naimed too high and too broadly: to nurture student artists who love the theatre\npassionately; who are open to any style and any kind of theatre, as long as\nthat theatre is good; who not only know the traditions of the past, but also\nrespond with openness and sensitivity to recent ideas and movements. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" data-attachment-id=\"1224\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1\/image5-10\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image5.jpg?fit=600%2C338&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,338\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Image5\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Scene from Water Station by Ota Shogo, directed by Kim Soo-Ki, 2017. Photo: Korean National University of the Arts&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image5.jpg?fit=600%2C338&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image5.jpg?resize=600%2C338&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image5.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image5.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>Scene from <em>Water Station<\/em> by Ota Shogo, directed by Kim Soo-Ki, 2017. Photo: Korean National University of the Arts<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to realize this ambitious, but almost impossible,\ndream, we have hired quite a few local artists to direct School productions and\ninvited eminent teachers from abroad, such as Nikolai Pesochinsky, theoretician\nfrom Russia; Patrice Pavis, semiologist from France; Michael Kirby, theorist\nand director from the U.S.; Phillip Zarrilli, American director and historian\nfrom the U.K., to name just a few. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"3\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>One fact that makes me very proud of my School and its\neducation is that most of our graduates are working in the theatre as practitioners,\ncritics, researchers or managers. Every year, two thousand or so theatre\nstudents graduate from theatre programs around the country, but the Korean\ntheatre community is not big enough to accommodate that many. By far the great\nmajority of theatre graduates have to find their jobs elsewhere. By far the\ngreat majority of those graduates who find or create work in the theatre are\nthose from my School. For the past twenty years, we have produced by far the\ngreat majority of outstanding playwrights, actors, directors, scenic designers,\ncritics and technicians, who are working in the dramatic theatre and musical\ncomedies, television dramas and film. Our reputation is well established\nnationally and internationally. We try hard to participate in international\nuniversity theatre festivals around the world, and when we do, we always come\nhome triumphant, with many rave reviews from international colleagues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"398\" data-attachment-id=\"1225\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1\/image6-10\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image6.jpg?fit=600%2C398&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,398\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Image6\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Scene from All Soldiers Are Pitiful, written and directed by Park Keun-Hyeong, 2013. Photo: Photo: Korean National University of the Arts&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image6.jpg?fit=600%2C398&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image6.jpg?resize=600%2C398&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image6.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image6.jpg?resize=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>Scene from <em>All Soldiers Are Pitiful<\/em>, written and directed by Park Keun-Hyeong, 2013. Photo: Korean National University of the Arts<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>However, do I believe our education has realized its original\nideals? No. Far from it. I have to confess that we have failed greatly. Why?\nFirstly, our teachers have long been overloaded with teaching, on top of their\nadministrative responsibilities. With a nearly 20:1 student-teacher ratio, our\nteachers have just had to teach too many classes. For example, the average\nteaching load for professors of the Acting Department exceeds twenty hours a\nweek. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My long experience as Chairman of the Department, Dean of the\nSchool and Provost of the University tells me that, when teachers are suffering\nfrom chronic exhaustion, they easily become authoritarian, reluctant to be\nchallenged by students, and that they would rather repeat what they have taught\nbefore than adopt a creative, new approach to teaching. This is exactly what\nhappened at my School. In the beginning, we were very different from other universities\nin terms of curricular structure and pedagogy. However, the differences between\nour School and theirs has gradually blurred: firstly, because other\nuniversities adopted many of our programs; secondly, because we have repeated\nourselves for too long. When we were very different, students and their needs\nwere at the center of our educational programs, but now we tired authoritarians\nhave taken the center. The democratic, friend-like relationship between\nteachers and students is rarely found on the campus, while that archaic,\npatriarchal hierarchy has returned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I vividly remember the opening ceremony of my School twenty\nyears ago, during which students were seated on the stage with spotlights on\nthem, while the professors watched them from the darkened auditorium. That was\nthe visual implementation of our educational philosophy. That ceremony was\nquite a revolution in a Confucian society like Korea, where students are\nexpected\u2014or should I say forced\u2014to worship their teachers. Korea seems to have\nbecome more Confucian than China that bore Confucius. What do you think, my\ndear Chinese colleagues? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, I think my School has failed to break open the\nbarriers between departments. In this post-modern era, multi-disciplinary,\nintegrated educational programming is more than necessary. It is crucial. This\nwe knew from the beginning of the School, and we decided to open nearly all\nclasses to the different majors, and we did start out that way. As time passed,\nthough, teachers found this policy very difficult, very ineffective, very\ntiresome to implement, because the students&#8217; level of knowledge and training\nwere very different from department to department. They became aware that\nbreaking the barriers meant more preparation, for longer hours; and harder, more\ntiresome and broader work. They became more and more reluctant to open their\nclasses to other majors. Instead, they closed more and more of their classes to\nnon-majors. I was so anxious to implement this initial idea of open education\nthat I turned all compulsory classes in my Theatre Studies Department to\nelectives, so that my students could take whatever classes they wanted from\nother departments and from other schools as well. This was hailed by my fellow\nprofessors, but, unfortunately, they did not follow suit. I, and my Department,\nstill maintain this policy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" data-attachment-id=\"1226\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1\/image7-8\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image7.jpg?fit=600%2C401&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,401\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Image7\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Scene from Hedda Gabler, directed by Park Keun-Hyeong, 2017. Photo: Korean National University of the Arts&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image7.jpg?fit=600%2C401&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image7.jpg?resize=600%2C401&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image7.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image7.jpg?resize=300%2C201&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>Scene from <em>Hedda Gabler<\/em>, directed by Park Keun-Hyeong, 2017. <br>Photo: Korean National University of the Arts<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Another way to implement this integrative, multi-disciplinary\neducation is team teaching. For example, many years ago, I proposed to have a\nclass for theatre production that would be team taught\u2014that is, professors would\ncome together to teach from the departments of Theatre Studies, Directing,\nActing and Playwriting. In my mind, the course would run like this: a professor\nfrom Theatre Studies gives a lecture on several cultural theories; discusses\nwith the other professors and the students to decide the theme and subject of\nthe class production; then, through discussions and improvisations, they\ncomplete the dramatic text. All the professors continue to participate in the discussions\nduring the whole rehearsal period until the class mounts the show on stage.\nWhen I suggested this new form of teaching, inspired by Princeton University&#8217;s\ngraduate program, I presumed that the class would be collectively team taught\nfrom beginning to end. Unfortunately, that was not the case. In my School, and\nI guess in your School, too, professors like to play solo. They don&#8217;t like to\nbe contradicted or challenged, either by their students or by their fellow teachers.\nSo, they just took turns at the beginning of the semester, giving their lectures\nalone, without attending each other\u2019s lectures, and let the students take care\nof the production. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This reluctance to work together with colleagues from other\nfields was the main culprit in our failure to implement one of our crucial\neducational policies. This happened because all our faculty members were\nestablished artists themselves, and they didn&#8217;t like to compromise their own artistic\nideas through discussion. They forgot they were educators, not artists, at\nschool. Now, we rarely practice this team teaching. And I wonder how we can\nprovide multi-disciplinary education or training when we fail to do so even in\na single field like the theatre. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many contemporary theatre pieces are an amalgam of several\ngenres, such as dance, circus, technology, music, cabaret, etc., and a\nparticular approach to achieving this amalgam is through collective creation. I\nfirmly believe team teaching is the only possible way of educating students to\nmeet the demands of our multi-disciplinary times, although it may be much more\ncostly. When students have not had enough experience of this kind of practice\nat school, we cannot expect our graduates to survive in the wilderness, the no\nman&#8217;s land, of the professional theatre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, contrary to their attitude of openness, the professors\nhave designed the school&#8217;s curriculum too demandingly within their own field of\nstudies. This is largely responsible for our students&#8217; fatigue. For example, the\nprogram our acting department requires students to complete is impossible. Oh\nSoon-Taek, a prominent Hollywood actor who was invited to teach our acting\nstudents for several years, observed this in our private interview. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"353\" data-attachment-id=\"1227\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1\/image8-6\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image8.jpg?fit=500%2C353&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"500,353\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Image8\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Actor Oh Soon-Taek was invited to teach acting students for several years. Photo: Public domain (web)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image8.jpg?fit=500%2C353&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image8.jpg?resize=500%2C353&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image8.jpg?w=500&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Image8.jpg?resize=300%2C212&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption>Actor Oh Soon-Taek was invited to teach acting students for several years. Photo: Public domain (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?biw=1366&amp;bih=626&amp;tbm=isch&amp;sa=1&amp;ei=sUIWXIlhytHAAsvar7AJ&amp;q=Oh+Soon-Taek%2C+actor&amp;oq=Oh+Soon-Taek%2C+actor&amp;gs_l=img.3...3679.3679..4838...0.0..0.91.91.1......1....1..gws-wiz-img.sSWghRrPPUM#imgrc=3KXDpb99YNbBqM:\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"web (opens in a new tab)\">web<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Our students are struggling. The acting method they are\nlearning now comes mostly from the U.S. On top of that, they have to take\nclasses in the traditional styles of Asia, and, particularly, of Korea. Is that\npossible? This means they are learning several acting approaches at the same\ntime, and their attention is divided much more than the typical American\nstudent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our students are working much harder than students at other Korean\nuniversities, too. This is why we so often find so many students falling asleep\nat morning classes. This is our dilemma. The real theatre world outside the School\ndemands that our acting graduates be prepared with acting skills that can be\nobtained through systematic training by Western methods. Our idea, however, is\nto help students to cultivate Koreanness in their work. We cannot give up\neither one. So, we do both. I think this is a common dilemma among Asian\ntheatre schools. There must be some way to balance the two approaches, but,\nunfortunately, we have not found it yet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"4\"><strong>4<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The conclusion I draw from all this is very clear. The\napparent success of the educational program at the School of Drama, Korean\nNational University of the Arts, is very misleading. Its invisible but big\nfailure does not come from the students, but from the teachers, who are so\ntired that they don&#8217;t challenge themselves with creative ideas for new pedagogy;\nthat they fall back on archaic authoritarianism to enjoy the secret luxuries of\nlaziness. If teachers are confined to their own small field, the only solution\nis to develop and facilitate team teaching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the sake of the students, who are and will be working in\na multi-disciplinary art form\u2014a form that denies borders between their various\nareas of skill\u2014we need literal, collective teaching. More professors and fewer\nstudents. In the future, maybe that will be the dominant paradigm of our theatre\neducation. It will be costly, but fruitful in the long run. We should think while\nbearing in mind the needs of the students. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We should design our educational programs from the students&#8217;\nperspectives. Let us try our best to transcend our own egos. And I confess that\nI have not followed my own advice during my long career as a professor of\ntheatre. I feel pain, and I will be happy if you share my pain. Thank you. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>NOTE: Keynote speech for ATEC Convention<a name=\"end\" class=\"mce-item-anchor\">&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" data-attachment-id=\"1229\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/the-confessions-of-a-failed-educator1\/cheol200\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Cheol200.jpg?fit=200%2C252&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"200,252\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Cheol200\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Cheol200.jpg?fit=200%2C252&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/Cheol200.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1229 alignnone\">\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"end\" href=\"#back\">*<\/a><strong>Yun-Cheol Kim <\/strong>obtained his Ph.D. from BYU with his dissertation on contemporary American Drama. He served as President of the International Association of Theatre Critics (IATC) from 2008 till 2014. During his presidency, he launched IATC\u2019s journal <em>Critical Stages<\/em>, in 2009. Now, he is an honorary president of the association. He served as artistic director of the National Theatre Company of Korea for four years, from the beginning of 2014 till the end of 2017. He retired from the School of Drama, Korean National University of the Arts in 2015, where he taught for twenty years, and, now, is its honorary professor. He received the Cultural Order from the Korean government in 2008. Two-time winner of the \u201cCritic of the Year Award,\u201d he has published twelve books, two of which are anthologies of theatre reviews.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:14px\">Copyright <strong>\u00a9<\/strong> 2018 Yun-Cheol Kim<br><em>Critical Stages\/Sc\u00e8nes critiques<\/em> e-ISSN: 2409-7411<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/88x31.png?w=750&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:14px\">This work is licensed under the<br>Creative Commons Attribution International License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yun-Cheol Kim* Abstract: The School of Drama of the Korean National University of the Arts was established in 1994. The apparent success of its educational program is very misleading. Its invisible but major failure does not come from students, but<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1228,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[65],"class_list":["post-1219","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essays","tag-by-yun-cheol-kim","","tg-column-two"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/01\/drama_c01.jpg?fit=318%2C348&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pam472-jF","jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1219","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1219"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1219\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1620,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1219\/revisions\/1620"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1228"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1219"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1219"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.critical-stages.org\/18\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1219"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}